Alternative products against anthracnose affect selected primary and secondary metabolites in strawberry fruit

Abstract

-Introduction. Anthracnose disease causes severe economic losses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production. Plant response to the pathogen attack is closely linked to its content and composition of polyphenols. In order to reduce the damage caused by pathogens, organic and inorganic fungicides are applied. The aim was to determine the influence of selected fungicides on various metabolites in strawberry fruit. Materials and methods. The efficiency of potassium bicarbonate (PBC) and acetic acid (AA) was compared with the control and a fungicide treatment in the strawberry cv. Elsanta. To examine the possible effects of these fungicides, artificial inoculation was performed in all treatments except for the control. The percentage of infected fruits and the content of selected primary and secondary metabolites in non-infected and infected fruits were determined. Results and discussion. Both analyzed inorganic fungicides proved effective against anthracnose. AA treated fruits were the least infected (only 4%), followed by PBC, fungicide and control. The highest percentage (9.26%) of infected fruits was determined following artificial infection treatment. Total sugar content decreased for 32% in infected control and AA treated fruits. PBC treatment exhibited a positive effect on the organic acid content in comparison with other treatments. The content of phenolic compounds was higher in PBC treated fruits and did not change significantly after infection. Infection increased the total flavonol content of the fruit. Conclusion. The use of PBC and AA potentially present a prospective protection in the strawberry orchards especially for controlling anthracnose in organic fruit crops.Keywords: strawberry / Fragaria × ananassa / anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) / alternative fungicides / biological control / integrated disease management / phenolics Résumé -Des produits alternatifs contre l'anthracnose affectent certains métabolites primaires et secondaires de la fraise. Introduction. L'anthracnose provoque des pertes économiques importantes en production de fraises (Fragaria × ananassa). La réponse de la plante à l'attaque des agents pathogènes est étroitement liée à sa teneur et à sa composition en polyphénols. Pour réduire les dommages causés par les agents pathogènes, des fongicides organiques et inorganiques sont appliqués. Nous avons cherché à déterminer l'influence de ces fongicides sur certains métabolites présents dans la fraise. Matériel et méthodes. L'efficacité du bicarbonate de potassium (PBC) et de l'acide acétique (AA) a été comparée à celle du contrôle et d'un traitement fongicide sur le cultivar Elsanta. En vue d'examiner les effets potentiels de ces fongicides, une inoculation artificielle a été réalisée pour tous les traitements sauf pour le contrôle. Le pourcentage de fruits infectés, ainsi que le contenu en certains métabolites primaires et secondaires contenus dans les fruits non infectés et infectés ont été déterminés. Résultats et discussion. Les deux fongicides inorganiques étudiés s...

Effect of Trichoderma Bioactive Metabolite Treatments on the Production, Quality, and Protein Profile of Strawberry Fruits

“…Many plant terpenoids, in particular the volatile compounds produced under biotic stress, may be useful in deterring pathogens or attracting their antagonists, 75 − 77 thus inducing systemic resistance that primes defense responses also in other vegetative structures, such as fruits. 78 , 79 Our data were in good agreement with those on corresponding genes and metabolites in tomato plants challenged with whole T. harzianum formulations 27 and confirmed that treatment with BAMs can influence the plant defensive volatilome in strawberry. In the same context, the observed over-representation of other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of other volatile aromatic compounds (pyruvate decarboxylase 2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and 2, and others) can be considered, including acids alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and fatty acids, which are responsible for the enhancement of strawberry flavor 37 , 80 ( Figures S3 and S5 ).…”

“…Augmented phenylalanine–ammonia lyase levels have already been reported in other tissues of other Trichoderma-treated plants. ,, Finally, enzymes (geranylgeranyl reductase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, squalene synthase, and β-amyrin synthase) involved in the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, namely, sequiterpenoids/triterpenoids, have also been found in increased levels after Trichoderma BAM applications (Figure ). Many plant terpenoids, in particular the volatile compounds produced under biotic stress, may be useful in deterring pathogens or attracting their antagonists, − thus inducing systemic resistance that primes defense responses also in other vegetative structures, such as fruits. , Our data were in good agreement with those on corresponding genes and metabolites in tomato plants challenged with whole T. harzianum formulations and confirmed that treatment with BAMs can influence the plant defensive volatilome in strawberry.…”

Salicylate Treatment Affects Fruit Quality and Also Alters the Composition of Metabolites in Strawberries

“…The present study thus focused on responses to treatments with different salicylic acid derivatives, in terms of the levels of some specific phenolic groups and individual phenolic compounds in the strawberry fruits, using HPLC-MS analysis. After reviewing the different phenolic profiles in strawberries reported by different authors [6,7,25,39], we found that similarities occur, but depending on genetics, environmental conditions, health status and growing technology [4]. In the current study, treatments with salicylates generally resulted in an increase in TAP compared to the control, and better results were obtained with SA and MeSA, which may be due to the role of SA and MeSA in regulating phenolic accumulation by stimulating phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity [40,41].…”

“…Phenolic compounds are a diverse group of secondary metabolites in strawberries and have an important role in determining various quality parameters in fruits, such as colour and flavour [4]. Flavonol derivatives, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, ellagic acid derivatives and anthocyanins are the most often analysed phenolic groups in strawberries [5][6][7][8]. They also function in plants in growth, reproduction and resistance to pathogens and various environmental stresses [2,6].…”

“…Flavonol derivatives, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, ellagic acid derivatives and anthocyanins are the most often analysed phenolic groups in strawberries [5][6][7][8]. They also function in plants in growth, reproduction and resistance to pathogens and various environmental stresses [2,6]. For all these reasons, various physical (high and low temperature, ultraviolet and gamma radiation) and chemical triggers, such as chitosan, benzothiadiazole (BTH), ethylene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), have been explored to increase the content of phenolic compounds in plants [4,[9][10][11].…”