Alternative Methods for Solving the Problem of Selection Bias in Evaluating the Impact of Treatments on Outcomes

Heckman, James J.; Robb, Richard A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4976-4_7

Cited by 226 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…An alternative approach, proposed by Heckman and Robb (1986) and developed by Ahn and Powell (1993) uses the "control-function" approach, where we condition on the predicted probability of W B i = 1 in equation (9). In essence, this method proposes to estimate β by using pair-wise differences in W B i for two villages (in our case) for which the non-parametric probability of participation is very close.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of Education

Andrabi

Das

Khwaja

2011

Policy Research Working Papers

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With an estimated one hundred and fifteen million children not attending primary school in the developing world, increasing access to education is critical. Resource constraints limit the extent to which demand based subsidies can do so. This paper focuses on a supply-side factor -the availability of low cost teachers -and the resulting ability of the market to offer affordable education. We use data from Pakistan together with official public school construction guidelines to present an Instrumental Variables estimate of the effect of government school construction on private school formation. We find that private schools are three times more likely to emerge in villages with government girls' secondary schools. In contrast, there is little or no relationship between the presence of a private school and pre-existing girls' primary, or boys' primary and secondary schools. Moreover, there are twice as many educated women and private school teachers' wages are 18 percent lower in villages that received a government girls' secondary school. In an environment with poor female education and low mobility, government girls' secondary schools substantially increase the local supply of skilled women. This lowers wages for women in the local labor market and allows the market to offer affordable education. These findings highlight the prominent role of women as teachers in facilitating educational access and resonates with similar historical evidence from developed economies -the students of today are the teachers of tomorrow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of Education

Andrabi

Das

Khwaja

2011

Policy Research Working Papers

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“…We may guess that this will be the common case in applications (for further discussion, see Heckman, 1979;Heckman & Robb, 1986;McArdle, 1994;Rubin, 1987Rubin, , 1991.…”

Section: Sampling and Missing Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

McDonald

2002

Psychological Methods

3,614

2,447

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Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.Structural equation modeling (SEM), also known as path analysis with latent variables, is now a regularly used method for representing dependency (arguably "causal") relations in multivariate data in the behavioral and social sciences. Following the seminal work of Jöreskog (1973), a number of models for linear structural relations have been developed (Bentler & Weeks, 1980;Lohmoller, 1981;McDonald, 1978), and work continues on these. Commercial statistical packages include LISREL (Jöreskog & Sör-bom, 1989, 1996, EQS (Bentler, 1985(Bentler, , 1995, CALIS (Hartmann, 1992), MPLUS (Muthén & Muthén, 1998), RAMONA (Browne, Mels, & Cowan, 1994), SEPATH (Steiger, 1995), and AMOS (Arbuckle, 1997). Available freeware includes COSAN (Fraser & McDonald, 1988) and Mx (Neale, 1997). McArdle and McDonald (1984) proved that different matrix formulations of a path model with latent variables are essentially equivalent. Programs such as those listed supply essentially the same basic information, with minor variations in the details supplied. Thus, the eight parameter LISREL model, which arose out of the work of Keesling and Wiley (see Wiley, 1973) and was subsequently developed to its current state by Jöreskog (see Jöreskog and Sör-bom, 1996), the four-matrix model of Lohmoller (1981), the three-matrix EQS model of Bentler and Weeks (1980), and the two-matrix RAM model (see McArdle & McDonald, 1984) rearrange the same set of parameters. Not surprisingly-and perhaps not regrettably-user guides and texts on this topic are not in agreement in their recommendations about the style of presentation of results (e.g., see Bollen, 1989;Loehlin, 1992;Long, 1983aLong, , 1983b. There is even less agreement in the form of the results actually reported in articles on applications.It would be immodest for any journal article to offer a code of practice for the presentation of SEM results. It could also be counterproductive. (We note that for a long time there was a uniformly accepted convention for the publication of analysis of variance, or ANOVA results: the standard ANOVA table and the table of cell means. The near-disappearance of this from journals is regrettable.) Sound guidelines for the reporting of SEM results have been offered previously

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“…However, there are reasons to suspect that a program such as the New Deal will 6. See Heckman (1979), Heckman and Robb (1986), Blundell, Duncan, and Meghir (1998), Bell, Blundell, and Van Reenen (1999) and Blundell and Costa Dias (2000) for precise descriptions of these conditions. Davidson and Woodbury (1993) is an example of an attempted calibration of substitution effects using data from the Illinois unemployment insurance (UI) experiments (see also Woodbury and Spiegelman 1987 on this program). have more sustainable effects than other labor market programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Employment Impact of a Mandatory Job Search Program

Blundell¹,

Dias²,

Meghir³

2016

Labor Supply and Taxation

126

166

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This paper exploits area-based piloting and age-related eligibility rules to identify treatment effects of a labor market program-the New Deal for Young People in the U.K. A central focus is on substitution/displacement effects and on equilibrium wage effects. The program includes extensive job assistance and wage subsidies to employers. We find that the impact of the program significantly raised transitions to employment by about 5 percentage points. The impact is robust to a wide variety of nonexperimental estimators. However, we present some evidence that this effect may not be as large in the longer run. (JEL: J18, J23, J38)

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Alternative Methods for Solving the Problem of Selection Bias in Evaluating the Impact of Treatments on Outcomes

Cited by 226 publications

References 14 publications

Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of Education

Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of Education

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

Evaluating the Employment Impact of a Mandatory Job Search Program

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