Alternative Fossil-Based Transportation Fuels: Economic Benefits and Environmental Concerns

Toman, Michael A.; Curtright, Aimee E.; Ortiz, David S.; Darmstadter, Joel; Shannon, Brian

doi:10.7249/rb9404

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Energy crisis and environmental pollution are two major concerns of the world today. Although, industrialization and usage of fossil fuels (petrol diesel, methane gas) brought pace and easy way of living to human life, but simultaneously, it is also responsible for as mentioned former concerns [1][2][3][4]. As per the report of International Energy Agency, the worldwide energy consumption was 143 851 TWh in 2008 while in 2015, consumption of worldwide energy resources has been approximately increased by 18% which is 168 519 TWh [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare earth doped metal oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis: a perspective

et al. 2022

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Metal oxides are well-known materials that have been considered as the prominent photocatalysts. Photocatalysis is a promising way to address the environmental issues which arecaused by fossil fuel the combustion and industrial pollutants. Lots of efforts such as doping metal oxides with metals, non-metals or metals/non-metals have been made to enhance their photocatalytic activity. More specifically, in this review we have discussed detailed synthesis procedures of rare earth doped metal oxides performed in the past decades. The advantage of doping metal oxides with rare earth metals is that they readily combine with functional groups due to the 4f vacant orbitals. Moreover, doping rare earth metals causes absorbance shift to the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum which results to show prominent photocatalysis in this region. The effect of rare earth doping on different parameters of metal oxides such as band gap and charge carrier recombination rate has been made in great details. In perspective section, we have given a brief description about how researchers can improve the photocatalytic efficiencies of different metal oxides in coming future. The strategies and outcomes outlined in this review are expected to stimulate the search for a whole new set of rare earth doped metal oxides for efficient photocatalytic applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare earth doped metal oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis: a perspective

et al. 2022

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“…Furimsky reports upgrading CO 2 emissions that are inconsistent with those reported by industry and literature, and the study lacks detail to explain the discrepancies. Other reports (e.g., refs , , and − ) have published estimates of upgrading emissions but lack specificity in which technologies they examine and provide limited detail about data sources and methods. Therefore, a gap exists because there is no life cycle-based model capable of estimating energy use and GHG emissions of upgrading technologies using publicly available data and software, allowing for a clearer understanding of the sources of emissions, and facilitating a comparison of different technology pathways using consistent boundaries and assumptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Application of a Life Cycle-Based Model to Evaluate Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Oil Sands Upgrading Technologies

Pacheco

Bergerson

Alvarez‐Majmutov

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A life cycle-based model, OSTUM (Oil Sands Technologies for Upgrading Model), which evaluates the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of current oil sands upgrading technologies, is developed. Upgrading converts oil sands bitumen into high quality synthetic crude oil (SCO), a refinery feedstock. OSTUM's novel attributes include the following: the breadth of technologies and upgrading operations options that can be analyzed, energy intensity and GHG emissions being estimated at the process unit level, it not being dependent on a proprietary process simulator, and use of publicly available data. OSTUM is applied to a hypothetical, but realistic, upgrading operation based on delayed coking, the most common upgrading technology, resulting in emissions of 328 kg COe/m SCO. The primary contributor to upgrading emissions (45%) is the use of natural gas for hydrogen production through steam methane reforming, followed by the use of natural gas as fuel in the rest of the process units' heaters (39%). OSTUM's results are in agreement with those of a process simulation model developed by CanmetENERGY, other literature, and confidential data of a commercial upgrading operation. For the application of the model, emissions are found to be most sensitive to the amount of natural gas utilized as feedstock by the steam methane reformer. OSTUM is capable of evaluating the impact of different technologies, feedstock qualities, operating conditions, and fuel mixes on upgrading emissions, and its life cycle perspective allows easy incorporation of results into well-to-wheel analyses.

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Alternative Fossil-Based Transportation Fuels: Economic Benefits and Environmental Concerns

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Rare earth doped metal oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis: a perspective

Rare earth doped metal oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis: a perspective

Development and Application of a Life Cycle-Based Model to Evaluate Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Oil Sands Upgrading Technologies

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