Alternative fire suppressant chemicals :

Tapscott, Robert E.; Sheinson, Ronald S.; Babushok, Valeri I.; Nyden, Marc R.; Gann, Richard G.

doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1443

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A typical representative is 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF 3 CBrCH 2 , 2-BTP), which has been recommended for replacing Halon 1211 extinguishers on airplanes. Undeniably, the released Br· radicals give 2-BTP prominent fire-suppression efficiency; however, an ODP higher than zero (0.0028 to 0.0052) meanwhile results. , The existence of Br aggravates the toxicity of 2-BTP, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) from that cardiac sensitization test are 0.5 and 1.0 vol %, respectively, indicating that toxic damage to human beings would definitely be caused if an effective concentration (3 to 4 vol %) of 2-BTP was implemented for fire extinguishment …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 The existence of Br aggravates the toxicity of 2-BTP, and the noobserved-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the lowestobserved-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) from that cardiac sensitization test are 0.5 and 1.0 vol %, respectively, indicating that toxic damage to human beings would definitely be caused if an effective concentration (3 to 4 vol %) of 2-BTP was implemented for fire extinguishment. 11 Compared with the above mentioned candidates, Novec 1230 (perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone, C 6 F 12 O, PFMP), marketed by the 3M Company, is a more environmentally benign alternative to Halon, considering its ODP of 0, GWP of 1 (equivalent to CO 2 ), short ALT of 0.014 (∼5 days), and bromine-free structure. 12 Novec-1230 possesses the highest heat capacity among the commercially available Halon substitutes, indicating that upon interacting with a burning flame, Novec-1230 can absorb the largest quantity of heat from the combustion cycle when its temperature is increased by one degree.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Zhang

Meng

Yang

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The urgent desire for Halon substitution has propelled the exploration of potential alternatives because of the severe damage of Halon to the stratospheric ozone layer. As a perfluoroketone substance, C 5 F 10 O has a similar chemical structure and comparable environmental friendliness to that of the widely utilized Novec-1230 (C 6 F 12 O) extinguishant. Both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements are utilized to unveil the thermal decomposition and fireextinguishing mechanisms of C 5 F 10 O in this study. It was found that the C 5 F 10 O pyrolysis generates perfluoroolefins, perfluoroalkanes, and highly active free radicals that can efficiently capture H• and OH• radicals in the flame to interrupt the chain reactions of combustion. Apart from the chemical exhaustion of radicals, the endothermic pyrolysis of C 5 F 10 O imposes a prominent cooling effect upon high-temperature fires. Moreover, the release of incombustible CO 2 and perfluoroalkanes effectively dilutes the combustible fuel−air mixture in the combustion region. The synergistic chemical and physical suppression effects endow C 5 F 10 O with desirable fire-extinguishing effectiveness (6.83 and 6.04 vol % for suppressing methane-air and propane-air flames, respectively). Notably, compared with C 6 F 12 O, the less poisonous (CF 3 ) 2 CCF 2 is emitted at high temperatures (700−800 °C) by C 5 F 10 O decomposition, indicating the biosafety of C 5 F 10 O in confined and human-exposed regions. These findings suggest the promising applicability of C 5 F 10 O in practical Halon replacement and the necessity of its further evaluation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Zhang

Meng

Yang

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Considering the drawbacks of these Halon substitutes, we have attempted to assess the possibility of using environmentally benign Iodinated alkanes as Halon substitutes and found that CF 3 I has a low MEC of 3.0 vol% [11] to put out the n‐heptane‐air flame in a cup burner, which is even comparable to that of Halon 1301. CF 3 I is a new environmentally friendly refrigerant and insulating gas, featuring a low GWP below 5 and an ODP as low as 0.008 [12, 13], Its atmospheric life is only 1.825 days and has little impact on the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing mechanism of CF₃I: A combined theoretical and experimental study

Zhang

et al. 2021

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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As Halon extinguishers impose severe damage to the stratospheric ozone layer, Halon substitutions are urgently desired and explored. In this paper, the thermal decomposition mechanism, the fire‐extinguishing performance and mechanism were experimentally and theoretically investigated for Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The theoretical results direct that CF3I and its main decomposition products (CF3· and I·) can react with OH· and H· to block the combustion chain reactions. Besides, reaction kinetics analysis also direct that CF3· and I· are more easily generated during the interaction between CF3I and the flame. And the minimum fire‐extinguishing concentration (MEC) of CF3I in extinguishing methane‐air flames is 3.42 vol%, which is lower than those of representative HFCs and HFO‐1336mzz(E) and even comparable to that of Halon 1301. Both the experimental and theoretical results suggest the promising applicability of CF3I in practical Halon replacement and the necessity of its further evaluation.

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“…Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) are highly effective flame inhibitors and they are used as fire suppressant compounds as well as fire retardants which are added to polymers to reduce their flammability. PCCs have been considered as possible replacement compounds for Halon 1301 (CF 3 Br) [1–3]. DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate, OP(CH 3 )(OCH 3 ) 2 ) is used as a flame retardant for polyurethane foam, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin and other plastic materials, and it was also considered as an effective fire retardant additive to lithium electrolyte batteries [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of hydrocarbon moiety of DMMP on flame propagation in lean mixtures

Babushok

Linteris

Katta

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

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Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) have been found to be significantly more effective than CF3Br for reducing burning velocity when added to stoichiometric hydrocarbon-air flames. However, when added to lean flames, DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate) is predicted to increase the burning velocity. The addition of DMMP to lean mixtures apparently increases the equivalence ratio (fuel/oxidizer) and the combustion temperature, as a result of hydrocarbon content of DMMP molecule. Premixed flames studies with added DMMP, OP(OH)3, and CF3Br are used to understand the different behavior with varying equivalence ratio and agent loading. Decrease of the equivalence ratio leads to the decrease of inhibition effectiveness of PCCs relative to bromine-containing compounds. For very lean mixtures CF3Br becomes more effective inhibitor than PCCs. Calculations of laminar burning velocities for pure DMMP/air mixtures predict the maximum burning velocity of 10.5 cm/s at 4.04 % of DMMP in air and at an initial temperature of 400 K. Adiabatic combustion temperature is 2155 K at these conditions.

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Alternative fire suppressant chemicals :

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing mechanism of CF₃I: A combined theoretical and experimental study

Influence of hydrocarbon moiety of DMMP on flame propagation in lean mixtures

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Alternative fire suppressant chemicals :

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C5F10O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C5F10O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing mechanism of CF3I: A combined theoretical and experimental study

Influence of hydrocarbon moiety of DMMP on flame propagation in lean mixtures

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Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Toward Better Halon Substitutes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis Mechanism and Fire-Suppressing Performance of C₅F₁₀O (Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone)

Thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing mechanism of CF₃I: A combined theoretical and experimental study