Alternative Digit Ratios and Their Relationship to Prostate Cancer

Stolten, Michael; Ledet, Elisa M.; Dotiwala, Ary; Luk, Eric

doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2015.11.005

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This explicitly indicates that the same mechanism is not mediating the effects of different variables (which may not be clear in a single‐digit ratio study). Thus, the present study adds support to the significance of multiple digit ratios study design (Kumar et al, 2017; Kumar, Singh, & Voracek, 2020; Loehlin et al, 2009; Stolten et al, 2016; Voracek, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Therefore, the study of dorsal digit ratios may provide a better assessment of any likely difference in bone digit ratios. Moreover, ethnic differences have been found to occur across several digit ratios (Stolten et al, 2016) and a better criterion for the assessment of the ethnic differences may be the measurement of multiple characteristics (Ousley et al, 2009). Thus, in the present study, we studied the effects of caste and other variables on the multiple digit ratios (2D:4D and alternative digit ratios) on the palmar as well as on the dorsal sides of hands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of caste, birth season, and family income on digit ratios

Kumar

Voracek

2022

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: The contributions of latitude and ethnicity in the determination of cross-society differences in digit ratios are unclear. In India, different castes (endogamous groups) have been living in the same areas (villages or towns) for the last 1500 years and, therefore, these groups may have different gene pools without a latitude-related difference component. Thus, in the present study, we studied the effect of caste on digit ratios. We also studied the effects of sex, birth season, and family income on digit ratios. Methods:We selected a sample of 301 college students (age: M = 19.9 years, SD = 2.63) in Muzaffarnagar city of western Uttar Pradesh, India, and asked participants for information regarding their birth month, religion, caste, and monthly family income. We measured participants' dorsal and palmar digit lengths (of all fingers, except the thumb, in both hands) using vernier calipers of 0.01 mm accuracy. Results: Other backward castes (intermediate castes) had longer digit lengths than general castes (upper castes), scheduled castes (lower castes), and Muslims. However, there was no difference in digit ratios of caste groups (scheduled castes vs. other backward castes vs. general castes vs. Muslims) or specific castes (Chamar-Jatav vs. Jat vs. Pandit-Tyagi). Winter-born women had lower left dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios than summer-born women. Family income was related to higher dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios among women. Moreover, in dorsal digit ratios, sex difference (men < women) occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 5, whereas, in palmar digit ratios, sex difference occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 2. Conclusions:The present study suggests that endogamy-led genetic difference in ethnic/caste groups is not a determinant, whereas birth season (i.e., the exposure to sunlight) and family income might be determinants of digit ratios.In addition, compared to palmar digit ratios, dorsal digit ratios are better markers of sexual dimorphism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of caste, birth season, and family income on digit ratios

Kumar

Voracek

2022

American J Hum Biol

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“…The majority of studies did not find an association of 2D : 4D ratio with Gleason score, metastatic status, and family history of prostate cancer [ 20 , 25 , 26 ] with the exception of one study that found inverse relationship of 2D : 4D ratio with core cancer volume and biopsy cores with high Gleason score in a study of 408 positive biopsy cores [ 21 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bunevičius

2018

Disease Markers

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Objective Intrauterine sex hormone environment as indicated by the second to the fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) can be associated with cancer risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of 2D : 4D with cancer diagnosis, malignancy, and age at presentation. Methods Studies that evaluated the association of 2D : 4D with cancer risk were collected from Pubmed/MEDLINE and Clarivate Analytics databases. Nineteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Results The 2D : 4D ratio was studied in prostate cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, oral cancer, brain tumors, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Low 2D : 4D was associated with prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and brain tumors, while high 2D : 4D, with breast cancer risk and cervical dysplasia. The 2D : 4D ratio was not associated with prostate, breast, and gastric cancer stage. Greater 2D : 4D ratio was associated with younger presentation of breast cancer and brain tumors. The meta-analyses demonstrated that testicular cancer was not associated with right-hand 2D : 4D ratio (p = 0.74) and gastric cancer was not associated with right-hand (p = 0.15) and left-hand (p = 0.95) 2D : 4D ratio. Conclusions Sex hormone environment during early development is associated with cancer risk later in life. Further studies exploring the link between intrauterine hormone environment and cancer risk are encouraged.

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“…Several lines of evidence suggest that the prenatal balance of sex hormones, reflected in the 2D:4D ratio, might have a multilateral long‐term effect on the human biological condition and might affect adult disease risk, especially with regard to hormone‐related diseases (Manning et al, ; Zheng & Cohn, ). In recent years, the 2D:4D ratio has received great attention from researchers who have found a relationship between 2D:4D ratio and certain cancers (Lu et al, ; Nicolas & Jorge, ; Nicolas et al, ; Stolten, Ledet, Dotiwala, Luk, & Sartor, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%