Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Chinese women with gastric cancer

Wang, Lu; Hong, Lei; Li, Ke‐Ke; Bai, Chun-Yue; Ma, Zengyi

doi:10.1002/ajhb.23109

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Nevertheless, specifically 2D:4D reveals significant and interesting correlations with several human behaviors known to differ between males and females, e.g. play behavior in children 67 – 69 , as well as with several developmental disorders 70 – 72 , psychiatric disorders 73 or even various types of cancer 74 – 79 . Similar results have been already reported for alternative digit ratios that could be linked to coronary heart diseases 80 , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 81 , and externalizing and internalizing behaviors in children 82 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the reliability and sex differences of digit lengths, ratios, and hand measures in infants

Ernsten

Körner

Heil

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Hands and digits tend to be sexually dimorphic and may reflect prenatal androgen exposure. In the past years, the literature introduced several hand and digit measures, but there is a lack of studies in prepubertal cohorts. The available literature reports more heterogeneous findings in prepubertal compared to postpubertal cohorts. The comparability of the available studies is further limited by the study design and different measurement techniques. The present study compared the reliability and sex differences of available hand and digit measures, namely digit lengths of 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, digit ratios 2D:4D, 2D:5D, 3D:4D, 3D:5D, 4D:5D, relative digit lengths rel2, rel3, rel4, rel5, directional asymmetry of right and left 2D:4D (Dr-l), hand width, length, and index of 399 male and 364 female 6-month-old German infants within one study using only indirect and computer-assisted measurements. The inter-examiner reliability was excellent while the test-retest reliability of hand scans was only moderate to high. Boys exhibited longer digits as well as wider and longer hands than girls, but smaller digit ratios, with ratios comprising the fifth digit revealing the largest effect sizes. Other hand and digit ratios revealed sex differences to some extent. The findings promote the assumption of sexual dimorphic hand and digit measures. However, by comparing the results of the available literature, there remains an uncertainty regarding the underlying hypothesis. Specifically in prepubertal cohorts, i.e. before the influence of fluctuating hormones, significant effects should be expected. It seems like other factors than the influence of prenatal androgens contribute to the sexual dimorphism in hand and digit lengths.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the reliability and sex differences of digit lengths, ratios, and hand measures in infants

Ernsten

Körner

Heil

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…In the study concerning 2D:4D association with gastric cancer in Chinese women the authors predicted that low 2D:4D would be associated with higher cancer risk. This prediction was based on the observation that oestrogen may inhibit the development of gastric cancer 41,42 . In our study we hypothesize that prenatal oestrogens may play a protective role against lung cancer in adult life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in women and men with lung cancer

Kasielska‐Trojan

Manning

Antczak

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A prenatal sex steroid environment of high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen inhibits lung development and may predispose individuals to be vulnerable to lung disease in later life. Therefore, the aim of this report was to investigate whether there is an association between right and left 2D:4D (biomarker of prenatal sex steroids exposure) and primary lung cancer in women and men. Also, we considered the relationship between right-left 2D:4D (Δ2D:4D, a negative correlate of high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen) and the age of lung cancer diagnosis. The study included 109 patients (61 men) with lung cancer and 197 controls (78 men). In the study we found that: (i) women with lung cancer have lower 2D:4D compared to controls (the effect was independent of smoking), (ii) among women with cancer, age at diagnosis was positively related to 2D:4D, i.e. women with masculinized 2D:4D present earlier with the cancer than women with feminized 2D:4D, (iii) among men with lung cancer, those with the most aggressive form (small-cell lung cancer) had masculinized (low) Δ2D:4D compared to those with the less aggressive form (non-small cell lung cancer). The data suggests that masculinized right 2D:4D and Δ2D:4D are associated with a predisposition to lung cancer and/or the more aggressive forms of lung cancer. Among both women and men, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and in most nations, it is the most frequent neoplasm among men 1,2. The incidence of lung cancer is both age-and sex-dependent. With regard to age, rates are low in people younger than 40 years but with increases up to the age of 75-80 years. However, with regard to sex, lung cancer rates have tended to show a decline in men but an increase among women. An important causal factor in these patterns is smoking practices 3-5. The comparisons between those that smoke and never-smokers regularly show 20 to 50-fold increases in risk for the former. Moreover, duration of smoking is a strong correlate of lung cancer risk 6 and sex dependent changes in mortality reflects changes in rates of smoking among age-cohorts of women and men 7,8. However, there are risk factors other than smoking and these include various single nucleotide polymorphisms, family history, diet, alcohol, chronic lung diseases, occupational factors, air pollution and hormonal factors 9-13. With regard to hormonal factors, postnatal effects of endogenous sex steroids may have an influence on lung cancer risk. Receptors for oestrogen and progesterone are expressed in lung cells, of both normal and lung cancer lines. Oestradiol causes proliferation of lung cancer cells as do combinations of oestrogen and progesterone. The latter combination facilitates secretion of vascular endothelial growth factors and increases numbers of progenitor tumour cells 14,15. Local production of oestrogens in the lung, either by lung cells or by infiltrating macrophages and other inflammatory cells, may be a significant source of oestrogen that could drive the tumour process, i...

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“…However, to fully understand what factors affect biomarker levels and patterns in cancer, large population‐based studies with environmental and non‐cancer health components are needed. To illustrate the lack of attention to cancer in the human biology literature, a search for the terms “cancer,” “tumor,” and “malignancy” in the American Journal of Human Biology revealed only one article (Wang et al, 2018) in the past 5 years. Yet, cancers are a major cause of mortality globally and have many social and environmental determinants, which are the main focuses of human biology and closely related disciplines.…”

Section: Potential For Cancer Biomarkers In Samples Collected With Mi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future applications of biomarkers in samples collected through minimally invasive methods for cancer medicine and population‐based research

DeLouize

Eick

Karam

et al. 2021

American J Hum Biol

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Despite advances in cancer medicine and research, invasive and potentially risky procedures such as biopsies, venous blood tests, imaging, colonoscopy, and pap smear tests are still primarily used for screening, staging, and assessing response to therapy. The development and interdisciplinary use of biomarkers from urine, feces, saliva, scent, and capillary blood collected with minimally invasive methods represents a potential opportunity for integration with biomarker analysis for cancers, both in clinical practice (e.g., in screening, treatment, and disease monitoring, and improved quality of life for patients) and population-based research (e.g., in epidemiology/public health, studies of social and environmental determinants, and evolutionary medicine). In this article, we review the scientific rationale, benefits, challenges, and potential opportunities for measuring cancer-related biomarkers in samples collected through minimally invasive methods.

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Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Chinese women with gastric cancer

Abstract: Decreased 2D:4D (especially of the left hand) may suggest a higher prenatal testosterone (lower prenatal estrogen) exposure in north Chinese women with GCA.

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Investigating the reliability and sex differences of digit lengths, ratios, and hand measures in infants

Investigating the reliability and sex differences of digit lengths, ratios, and hand measures in infants

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in women and men with lung cancer

Current and future applications of biomarkers in samples collected through minimally invasive methods for cancer medicine and population‐based research

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