Alternative body sites for heat stress measurement in milking cows under tropical conditions and their relationship to the thermal discomfort of the animals

Martello, Luciane Silva; Savastano, Holmer; Silva, Saulo da Luz e; Balieiro, J. C. C.

doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0268-6

Cited by 48 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, previous findings showed that when the temperature in the milking parlor exceeds 27 C, animals are subjected to a greater environmental challenge, shown through the behavior of kicks, as found in this study. Negative effects of high temperatures have been described before, especially in animals of high genetic merit in relation to milk production (Kadzere et al, 2002;Martello et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Relationship between stepping and kicking behavior and milking management in dairy cattle herds

Cerqueira

Araújo

Blanco‐Penedo

et al. 2017

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

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Keywords: dairy cows behavior type of milking parlor stepping kicking milk production a b s t r a c t We studied the relationship between behavior during milking with milking parlor management, measuring the occurrence of steps and kicks, and cow-related factors. We also investigated the link between stepping and kicking during milking and udder health. A total of 2,903 direct observations of milking behavior were collected in 44 dairy herds in the north of Portugal. The results showed great variability in the occurrence of stepping and kicking among herds during milking. Mixed linear and logistic regression models for factors associated with stepping and kicking were developed. Cows in tandem milking parlors took fewer steps (P < 0.003) than in herringbone ones, although in the tandem milking system, more kicking occurred than in parallel and herringbone systems. Milking room temperatures of more than 27 C led to a higher frequency of kicks among cows (P < 0.010). The practice of overmilking also produced a significantly greater frequency of cow stepping (P < 0.001). Primiparous cows stepped a third less frequently than did greater parity cows but showed a greater tendency to kick compared with the multiparous ones. Cows with somatic cell counts for more than 200,000 cells/mL at the time of the visit also showed a trend toward higher kicking frequency. The results suggest that animal welfare measures, like kicking and stepping, are suitable for epidemiologic studies. Significant interactions were observed when animals were affected by challenging health and welfare situations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Relationship between stepping and kicking behavior and milking management in dairy cattle herds

Cerqueira

Araújo

Blanco‐Penedo

et al. 2017

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

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“…Para vacas lecheras de alta producción en equilibrio térmico, la temperatura rectal es independiente de la temperatura del aire, relacionándose con el metabolismo energético (Martello et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Predicción de estrés térmico en vacas lecheras mediante indicadores ambientales y fisiológicos

et al. 2016

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Holstein-Frisia. Índice de temperatura humedad. Frecuencia respiratoria. Temperatura rectal. Producción de leche. resUMenLas vacas lecheras son animales muy sensibles a los cambios ambientales y requieren alojamientos cada vez más sofisticados para prevenir la aparición de estrés térmico en épocas calurosas que eviten importantes pérdidas económicas por la disminución de producción. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en la valoración en explotación de indicadores ambientales y de indicadores fisiológicos de estrés de las vacas y su influencia sobre la producción de leche. Se monitorizaron la temperatura y la humedad relativa del aire a intervalos de una hora, a través de sondas digitales colocadas en 4 explotaciones durante 365 días. Paralelamente se recogieron indicadores fisiológicos (temperatura rectal y frecuencia respiratoria) en los animales, en invierno y en verano. Los resultados mostraron temperaturas superiores a 25° C durante 48 días del año, siendo los períodos más críticos primavera y verano. La humedad relativa tuvo una variación de 10 % entre invierno y verano. El índice temperatura humedad (ITH) superó el valor de 72 en 51 días anualmente y el período más crítico de la jornada fue entre las 12:00 y las 16:00 horas (P4), con un ITH medio de 68,0. El paso del ITH de 72 por encima de 78 significó un incremento de 1,3 °C y 37,3 respiraciones por minuto en las vacas lecheras. Se encontró una correlación alta entre la frecuencia respiratoria, temperatura rectal y ambas con el ITH, por lo que estos indicadores fisiológicos resultan ser excelentes predictores de estrés térmico. Los animales expuestos a ITH superior de 78 sufrieron una pérdida de producción de leche de 1,8 kg/vaca/día. Dairy cows have become very sensitive animals to environmental changes, requiring increasingly sophisticated accommodations to prevent the stress that would lead to major production and economic losses. The aim of this study was to assess environmental and physiological indicators of stress in cows and their influence on milk production. The temperature and relative humidity was monitored at intervals of one hour through digital probes placed in four farms for 365 days. Alongside two animal physiological indicators (rectal temperature and respiratory rate) were collected, in winter and summer. The results showed the presence of 48 days in a year with temperatures above 25 °C, with the most critical periods occurring in spring and summer. The relative humidity ranged from just 10 % between winter and summer. The Temperature Humidity Index (THI) exceeded the value of 72 on 51 days per year. The most critical period of the day recorded was between 12:00 to 16:00 p.m. (P4) where the average of THI was 68.0. From THI value below 72 to above 78, a rise of 1.3 °C and 37.3 breaths/minute was observed in the monitored dairy cows. We found a high correlation between respiratory rate and rectal temperature and of both with the THI, highlighting these physiological indicators as excellent predictors of heat stress. The animals ...

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“…Martello et al (2009) também encontraram correlações moderada a altas e positivas entre a temperatura retal e frequência respiratória e temperatura superficial.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Existe uma correlação positiva entre temperatura de superfície corporal e frequência respiratória (MARTELLO et al, 2009), sendo esta primeira uma boa medida para descrever o microclima que envolve os animais (COLLIER et al, 2006) Animais mais pesados, como vacas da raça Holandesa, tendem a ter maior aumento da frequência respiratória, mesmo àqueles que possuem adaptação a condições adversas (GAUGHAN et al, 2000), e em alguns casos, a diminuição da frequência respiratória nem sempre é um indicativo de que o animal está conseguindo enfrentar a situação de estresse calórico. Pode acontecer devido uma mudança na dinâmica da frequência respiratória de rápido ofego para uma fase de respiração profunda que é mais lenta (BROWN-BRANDL et al, 2006).…”

Section: Influências De Fatores Ambientais Nas Respostas Termolíticasunclassified

“…O índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) é amplamente utilizado em vacas leiteiras como um avaliador de conforto térmico e acúmulo de calor (BERMAN, 2005;ZIMBELMAN, 2007;IGONO et al, 1985;LACETERA et al, 2002;McDOWELL, 1972;TAPKI;SAHIN, 2006), e é baseado nos efeitos da temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa sobre a fisiologia e produção destes animais (FEHR et al, 1993). Entretanto esse índice pode não descrever completamente o nível de estresse calórico pelo qual o animal está passando, pois é baseado em associações específicas de fatores ambientais desenvolvido para regiões de clima temperado (SILVA, 2000), não considera fatores como aclimatação e nível de produção do animal que podem modificar os intervalos críticos determinados para o ITU (MARTELLO et al, 2009), e não leva em consideração o efeito de resfriamento pelo vento (movimentação do ar) ou a proporção de calor absorvido pelos animais pela radiação solar, quando da ausência de sombra (GAUGHAN et al, 2008;MADER et al, 2006). Ainda assim é muito utilizado nas associações com respostas termorregulatórias.…”

Section: Influências De Fatores Ambientais Nas Respostas Termolíticasunclassified

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Capacidade termolítica e respostas comportamentais e hormonais em vacas Holandesas.

Titto¹,

Negrão²

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Capacidade termolítica e respostas comportamentais e hormonais em vacas Holandesaslactations with average production of 20 kg/day divided into two experimental groups after birth, with and without an evaporative cooling system in a free-stall.Environmental parameters were evaluated by temperature and humidity index (THI).Collection of physiological data (rectal temperature, body surface, internal base of tail, respiratory rate), hormonal (cortisol and IGF-I), behavioral and production and milk quality were conducted in five climatic conditions (autumn, winter, spring, dry summer and rainy summer) characterized by air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. In summer the animals were subjected to Thermolysis Capacity Test (CT) and a comparative study of a period of seven days under heat stress in climatic chamber and challenged with ACTH administration. In experiment 1 the Thermolysis Capacity Test was validated. The CT was the same for dry or lactating animals (P>0.05) and higher for cows kept in evaporative cooling system throughout the year (P<0.01). The results showed influence of sun exposure on all physiological variables (P<0.01). Plasma levels of cortisol were higher before sun exposure and after the one hour rest under shade for lactating cows (P=0.03) and for no cooled animals (P=0.03). IGF-I was higher in dry cows in late gestation (P<0.01). In experiment 2 the evaporative cooling system did not show influence on rectal temperature, with both groups having values below 38.56 ºC throughout the year (P=0.11). It was observed an upward trend (P<0.01) in plasma cortisol concentrations between autumn and winter, starting the decline until the beginning of dry summer and a further increase during rainy summer, and an opposite pattern for IGF-I. Rectal temperature showed a moderate and positive correlation (P<0.01) with the body surface temperature (0.46) and respiratory rate (0.35). The air temperature and THI showed moderate to high positive correlations with rectal temperatures, and the internal base of tail, and 9 also with the respiratory rate (P<0.01). In experiment 3 cows spent most of the day standing in the shade (84.2%) regardless of season. Cooled cows had a higher feeding frequency and milk production during summer (P<0.05) and fat content 17.9% higher (P<0.01). In experiment 4, cows were subjected to the short stress caused by the ACTH administration and prolonged heat stress in climatic chamber.Both the administration of ACTH as prolonged exposure to heat in climatic chamber increased the levels of plasma cortisol. During heat stress a decrease in plasma IGF-I and milk production was observed, and an increase in physiological variables related to thermoregulation.

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Alternative body sites for heat stress measurement in milking cows under tropical conditions and their relationship to the thermal discomfort of the animals

Cited by 48 publications

References 11 publications

Relationship between stepping and kicking behavior and milking management in dairy cattle herds

Relationship between stepping and kicking behavior and milking management in dairy cattle herds

Predicción de estrés térmico en vacas lecheras mediante indicadores ambientales y fisiológicos

Capacidade termolítica e respostas comportamentais e hormonais em vacas Holandesas.

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