Alternative approaches in median lethality (LD50) and acute toxicity testing

DEPASS, LINVAL R.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(89)90030-1

Cited by 45 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The updated version of the oral ATC method (Commission, 2004;OECD, 2001a) with the use of only females is acceptable as was also shown in the literature (De Pass, 1989;Müller and Kley, 1982;OECD, 2001f;Weil et al, 1953) and also by our own data that were to >95% obtained with the use of females and males and where no diVerences were noted between mortality rates with respect to sex. The use of females only still strictly implies the sequential testing procedure.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…"The classical LD 50 test should be replaced by a more comprehensive short term test that can be done with small numbers of animals" (Zbinden and Flury-Reversi, 1981). The test should be "practical and economical" (Weil et al, 1953) and the LD 50 has been criticized as an "unnecessary waste of resources, especially in relation to the large number of animals used" (De Pass, 1989).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calculation of slope and 95% conWdence interval were considered important for the knowledge on the toxicological characteristics of the test substance and this was explicitly stated for the LD 50 test as the Wrst internationally accepted guideline for acute oral toxicity testing by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD, 1981a). However, since the early 1980's the need of these endpoints was discussed at great length in the regulatory community (see De Pass, 1989) and it was Wnally agreed that toxicity ranges will cover more accurately the variability of test results as it is documented in the literature (Schlede et al, 1992;Zbinden and Flury-Reversi, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral acute toxic class method: A successful alternative to the oral LD50 test

Schlede

Genschow

Spielmann

et al. 2005

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Oral acute toxic class method: A successful alternative to the oral LD50 test

Schlede

Genschow

Spielmann

et al. 2005

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…These include organic acid (lacto-acid in particular), hydrogen dioxide, antibiotic (such as lysostaphin, endolysin) and other small molecules which create a local environment difficult for pathogens to colonize. Intact cells and intracellular cell-free extracts of L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, and S. thermophilus have been shown to have a powerful antioxidative effect [5,20,37] on inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation and scavenging the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical in vivo. In conclusion, the probiotics formed an important factor in the gut's barrier to pathogens, so probiotic supplementation can boost the internal environment in the gut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Action of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2008

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of selenium-enriched probiotics against pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) in vitro and in vivo. Escherichia coli was co-cultured in vitro with each probiotic strain individually, and a mixture of the four strains and its population was counted at various time points. We also collected a cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of each probiotic strain and the four-strain mix to examine their antibacterial activity, using the cylinder plate method. Results demonstrated that co-culture with probiotics significantly reduced the number of E. coli. The different sizes of the inhibition zones made by each CFCS proved that E. coli was inhibited by the metabolites of the probiotics. In vivo, Kunming mice were allocated to different groups supplemented with selenium-enriched and other probiotics. After 28 days, the mice were inoculated with pathogenic E. coli so that we could compare mortality rates and inspect other indexes of each treatment. The mortality of the group with selenium-enriched probiotics was the lowest. In addition, the organic antioxidant status improved, immunity was fortified, and the internal environment of the intestinal tract was enhanced with selenium-enriched probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, selenium-enriched probiotics can strongly antagonize pathogenic E. coli in vitro and in vivo.

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“…The 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of E. coli O157:H7 was determined using a dose-response method (DePass, 1989). Twenty four male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups.…”

Section: Determination Of E Coli O157:h7 Ld 50 In Balb/c Micementioning

confidence: 99%