Altered Surface Hydrophilicity on Copolymer Scaffolds Stimulate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

<jats:p>Background: Recent studies have suggested that both poly(l-lactide-co-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) (or poly(LLA-co-DXO)) and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (or poly(LLA-co-CL)) porous scaffolds are good candidates for use as biodegradable scaffold materials in the field of tissue engineering; meanwhile, their surface properties, such as hydrophilicity, need to be further improved. Methods: We applied several different concentrations of the surfactant Tween 80 to tune the hydrophilicity of both materials. Moreover, the modification was applied not only in the form of solid scaffold as a film but also a porous scaffold. To investigate the potential application for tissue engineering, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were chosen to test the effect of hydrophilicity on cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. First, the cellular cytotoxicity of the extracted medium from modified scaffolds was investigated on HaCaT cells. Then, hMSCs were seeded on the scaffolds or films to evaluate cell attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated a significant increasing of wettability with the addition of Tween 80, and the hMSCs showed delayed attachment and spreading. PCR results indicated that the differentiation of hMSCs was stimulated, and several osteogenesis related genes were up-regulated in the 3% Tween 80 group. Poly(LLA-co-CL) with 3% Tween 80 showed an increased messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level of late-stage markers such as osteocalcin (OC) and key transcription factor as runt related gene 2 (Runx2). Conclusion: A high hydrophilic scaffold may speed up the osteogenic differentiation for bone tissue engineering.</jats:p>

Neuronal Cell Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells on Synthetic Polymeric Surfaces Coated With ECM Proteins

“…Comparing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive source of stem cell therapy that does not involve ethical concerns or tumorigenesis possibilities. MSCs, which are typically isolated from bone marrow and fat tissues, have a good ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes ( Belka et al, 2019 ; Higuchi et al, 2019 ; Tsai et al, 2019 ; Albashari et al, 2020 ; Pan et al, 2020 ; Tan et al, 2020 ; Xing et al, 2020 ; Yang J. et al, 2020 ; El-Rashidy et al, 2021 ; Mohammed et al, 2021 ; Rozila et al, 2021 ) and show an ability to differentiate into not only these three types of cells but also ectoderm- or endoderm-derived cells ( Georgiou et al, 2015 ; Andrzejewska et al, 2019 ; Han et al, 2021 ; He et al, 2020 ; Luo et al, 2021a ; Luo et al, 2021b ; Van Rensburg et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021a ). For example, 5-azacytidine in cell culture medium induces MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and myoblasts ( Xu et al, 2004 ).…”

Cell Adhesion-Mediated Piezoelectric Self-Stimulation on Polydopamine-Modified Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes

“…Previous studies suggested that a water contact angle of around 80° would positively modulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion, and a super-hydrophilic feature of the substrate may delay cell attachment and spreading. , Therefore, we used PVDF membranes treated in Tris-HCl for 8 h as the hydrophilic samples in our cell culture experiments. Sprague–Dawley MSCs were seeded onto the PVDF – , PVDF + , PVDF – @PDA, and PVDF + @PDA membranes.…”

“…It was reported that cell adhesion could be influenced by the surface property of materials. ,, On hydrophobic materials, cells present a rounded shape and limited spreading, which could influence the maturation of focal adhesion. Our results were consistent with these studies, where cells on hydrophobic membranes exhibited poor spreading and cells on PDA-modified membranes showed strong adhesion with long, stable edges and more stress fibers.…”

Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers for Tissue Engineering Purposes

“…As described in Section , surface properties are crucial since they affect the interactions of the implant with proteins and cells, and intermediate hydrophilicities are generally preferred to achieve such interactions . Some easy and efficient methods to improve the biocompatibility and tailor the hydrolytic degradation rates of PCL, PLA, and PLGA, are to increase their hydrophilicity by coating or blending with natural polymers, such as decellularized ECM, − collagen, − gelatin, ,,, elastin, , other proteins, ,, and polysaccharides. ,− Grafting and coating with hydrophilic synthetic polymers, such as poly­(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), , polyacrylamide, poly­(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), , poly­(ethylene oxide), polydopamine, polyurethane (PU) have also been performed, as well as plasma treatment. ,, Copolymerization and blending also help modulate the mechanical properties of these polymers. ,− Overall, PCL and PLA have been used in the TE of a wide variety of tissues, including cornea, skin, cartilage, and bone . The commercial availability and processability of such thermoplastic polyesters, combined with their established applications in products that have received FDA approval, are major factors that will, in our opinion, keep these polymers in the spotlight of the optimization of TE scaffolds.…”