Altered glucose tolerance in rats exposed to maternal low protein diets in utero

Langley, Simon C.; Browne, Richard F.; Jackson, Alan A.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(94)90124-4

Cited by 122 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…17 The diets were isocaloric, the difference in energy between the control and MLP diets being made up with additional carbohydrate in a ratio of 2:1 starch:sucrose (w/w). LP feeding was targeted at single weeks in gestation days 0-7 (LPE), days 8-14 (LPM) and days [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] (LPL) and also fed throughout gestation (days 0-22, LPA). Eight dams (one control, one LPA, three LPE and three LPM) failed to deliver at the end of gestation and the final numbers of litters were Control n ¼ 10, LPA n ¼ 11, LPE n ¼ 10, LPM n ¼ 8 and LPL n ¼ 10.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The early period (days 0-7) corresponds to the embryonic phase of development in the rat and in fact embryos only implant at around day 4.5. 7 The mid-gestation period (days [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] largely corresponds to the period of organogenesis, while late gestation (days [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] is the period of most rapid growth and differentiation of key structures. By feeding at these targeted periods, it is possible to identify when nutritional programming occurs and this can provide important indicators of potential mechanisms.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15 In the present paper, we report findings from a model of low protein feeding in rat pregnancy. 16 This intervention is known to promote hypertension 17 and renal dysfunction 18 in the offspring and has also been shown to shorten lifespan, 19 disturb glucose metabolism 20 and increase susceptibility to oxidative injury. 21 Obesity and associated factors represents one area where the literature from animal studies of programming is equivocal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats

2006

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Objective: To assess the long-term impact of undernutrition during specific periods of fetal life, upon central adiposity, control of feeding behaviour and locomotor activity. Design: Pregnant rats were fed a control or low-protein (LP) diet, targeted to early (LPE), mid (LPM) or late (LPL) pregnancy or throughout gestation (LPA). The offspring were studied at 9 and 18 months of age. Measurements: Adiposity was assessed by measuring weight of abdominal fat depots relative to body weight. Locomotor activity was assessed using an infrared sensor array system in both light and dark conditions. Hypothalamic expression of mRNA for galanin and the galanin 2 receptor (Gal2R) was determined using real-time PCR. Results: At 9 months, male rats exposed to LP in utero had less fat in the gonadal depot, but were of similar body weight to controls. By 18 months, the males of groups LPA and LPM had more abdominal and less subcutaneous fat. Females deposited more fat centrally than males between 9 and 18 months of age, and this was more marked in groups LPA and LPL. Food intake was greater in LPM males. Among females hypophagia was noted in groups LPA and LPL. Expression of galanin and Gal2R were unaffected by maternal diet. Total locomotor activity was reduced in LPE males and all LP females in the light but not in the dark. Conclusion: Locomotor activity and feeding behaviour in aged rats are subject to prenatal programming influences. Fetal undernutrition does not programme obesity in rats without postnatal dietary challenge.

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Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats

2006

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“…These morphological changes to the pancreas are irreversible. While in early adult life, such animals show an improved glucose tolerance compared with control-fed rats with a greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by muscle and adipose (Langley et al 1994), by 15 months of age, they show a significantly worse glucose tolerance, particularly in female offspring . A reduction of dietary protein to 8% throughout gestation (low-protein (LP diet)) resulted in a reduced pancreatic weight in the offspring at birth with reduced b cell mass, islet size, and pancreatic vascularity, a diminished rate of b cell replication, but increased developmental apoptosis (Petrik et al 1999, Boujendar et al 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered pancreatic morphology in the offspring of pregnant rats given reduced dietary protein is time and gender specific

Chamson-Reig¹,

Thyssen²,

Arany³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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Restriction of dietary protein during gestation and lactation in the rat results in a reduction in b cell mass, insulin content and release in the offspring, and glucose intolerance when the offspring reach adulthood. The present study was designed to identify if a particular developmental window existed during prenatal development when endocrine pancreatic development was most susceptible to nutritional insult. Pregnant rats received a low-protein (8%, LP), but isocalorific diet from conception to parturition, during the first 2 weeks of gestation (LP (1-2)), the second week only (LP (2)), or the third week (LP (3)). At other times, they received a 20% protein (C) diet, while control animals received this diet continuously. When the offspring were examined at 130 days age, animals that had received LP diet had a significantly impaired glucose tolerance compared with control-fed animals. Pancreatic morphology was examined in the offspring on postnatal days 1 and 21. The LP diet resulted in a significant decrease in the numbers of large (more than 10 000 mm 2 ) and medium (between 5000 and 10 000 mm 2 ) sized islets present at postnatal day 1 for all LP treatments. Consequently, mean islet area and the mean number of b cells were reduced. The impact of LP diet was most pronounced in LP (2) for females and in LP (3) for males, and this was greater than for continuous LP exposure. Insulin and Glut-2 mRNA expression were impacted negatively by LP in early and late gestation, but increased following administration in midgestation. Total pancreatic insulin content was not altered by LP treatment. Pdx-1, a transcription factor associated with both b cell development and insulin gene transcription, was decreased in female offspring following LP (1-2) and LP (3), but not in males. Pancreatic expression of nestin mRNA, and the abundance of nestin-immunoreactive cells within islets, was decreased by all LP treatments. By postnatal day 21, the mean islet area and number of b cells had largely recovered. However, insulin and Glut-2 mRNAs were elevated in offspring exposed to LP diet, particularly in females. The studies show that LP dietary insult in early, middle, or late gestation, all result in a relative deficiency of b cells following birth, due to a failure to develop larger islets, but that females were particularly susceptible in mid-gestation and males in late gestation.

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“…To date, the study of fetal programming induced by maternal nutrient restriction has focused on the physiological function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the endocrine system in the offspring, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction (Bloomfield et al 2003), glucose intolerance (Langley et al 1994), insulin resistance (Petry et al 2001), elevated blood pressure (Ozaki et al 2001) and vascular dysfunction (Holemans et al 1999). However, few experiments have investigated the effects of maternal nutrient restriction on maternal immune, biochemical and physiological conditions, and how these conditions may affect fetal programming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: the role of elevated blood nitric oxide

Tan²,

Sun³

et al. 2012

Journal of Endocrinology

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Twelve pregnant goats were assigned to three dietary treatments during late gestation, namely control (C: metabolizable energy, 5 . 75 MJ/kg; crude protein, 12 . 6% and dry matter basis), 40% protein restricted (PR) and 40% energy restricted (ER), to examine the effects of nutrient restriction on the immune status of pregnant goats. Plasma was sampled on day 90, 125 and 145 from pregnant goats to determine cytokine production (interleukin 2 (IL2), IL6) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa)). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained on day 145 and activated by lipopolysaccharide to determine cytokine production, and then exposed (PR and ER) to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, or control to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor to explore the role of NO in regulating cytokine production. Plasma IL2, IL6 and TNFa were not altered during gestation, but NO was increased (P!0 . 05) at gestation day 145 for PR and ER. In vitro, compared with control, NO was lower for PR and ER (P!0 . 001), but IL6 was higher for PR (P!0 . 001) and ER (PZ0 . 11). The addition of SNP decreased IL6 (P!0 . 001, PR; PZ0 . 12, ER) in the malnourished group, and L-NAME increased (P!0 . 001) IL6 in control compared to those treatments without SNP or L-NAME. The results indicate that plasma NO acted as a regulator of cytokine function exhibiting negative feedback to maintain steady plasma IL6 concentration in PR or ER goats during late gestation.

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Altered glucose tolerance in rats exposed to maternal low protein diets in utero

Cited by 122 publications

References 17 publications

Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats

Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats

Altered pancreatic morphology in the offspring of pregnant rats given reduced dietary protein is time and gender specific

Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: the role of elevated blood nitric oxide

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