Abstract:Recent advancement in nanotechnology seeks exploration of new techniques for improvement in the molecular, chemical, and biological properties of nanoparticles. In this study, carbon modification of octahedral-shaped magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was done using two-step chemical processes with sucrose as a carbon source for improvement in their electrochemical application and higher molecular biocompatibility. X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy confirmed the alteration in single-phase octahedra… Show more
“…We employed the SWV technique owing to its propensity to eliminate non-faradic currents [ 33 ] that are routinely encountered by amine-terminated MNPs, as indicated by the voltammograms in Figure 2 and Figure 3 [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Conferring the MNPs with electroactive properties was carried out by conjugation with ferrocene (Fc), which provides an easily monitored reversible one-electron oxidation of ferrocenium, Fc ↔ Fc+ + e− [ 24 , 25 ].…”
Detection of microbial contamination in water is imperative to ensure water quality. We have developed an electrochemical method for the detection of E. coli using bi-functional magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) conjugates. The bi-functional MNP conjugates were prepared by terminal-specific conjugation of anti-E. coli IgG antibody and the electroactive marker ferrocene. The bi-functional MNP conjugate possesses both E. coli-specific binding and electroactive properties, which were studied in detail. The conjugation efficiency of ferrocene and IgG antibodies with amine-functionalized MNPs was investigated. Square-wave voltammetry enabled the detection of E. coli concentrations ranging from 101–107 cells/mL in a dose-dependent manner, as ferrocene-specific current signals were inversely dependent on E. coli concentrations, completely suppressed at concentrations higher than 107 cells/mL. The developed electrochemical method is highly sensitive (10 cells/mL) and, coupled to magnetic separation, provides specific signals within 1h. Overall, the bi-functional conjugates serve as ideal candidates for electrochemical detection of waterborne bacteria. This approach can be applied for the detection of other bacteria and viruses.
“…We employed the SWV technique owing to its propensity to eliminate non-faradic currents [ 33 ] that are routinely encountered by amine-terminated MNPs, as indicated by the voltammograms in Figure 2 and Figure 3 [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Conferring the MNPs with electroactive properties was carried out by conjugation with ferrocene (Fc), which provides an easily monitored reversible one-electron oxidation of ferrocenium, Fc ↔ Fc+ + e− [ 24 , 25 ].…”
Detection of microbial contamination in water is imperative to ensure water quality. We have developed an electrochemical method for the detection of E. coli using bi-functional magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) conjugates. The bi-functional MNP conjugates were prepared by terminal-specific conjugation of anti-E. coli IgG antibody and the electroactive marker ferrocene. The bi-functional MNP conjugate possesses both E. coli-specific binding and electroactive properties, which were studied in detail. The conjugation efficiency of ferrocene and IgG antibodies with amine-functionalized MNPs was investigated. Square-wave voltammetry enabled the detection of E. coli concentrations ranging from 101–107 cells/mL in a dose-dependent manner, as ferrocene-specific current signals were inversely dependent on E. coli concentrations, completely suppressed at concentrations higher than 107 cells/mL. The developed electrochemical method is highly sensitive (10 cells/mL) and, coupled to magnetic separation, provides specific signals within 1h. Overall, the bi-functional conjugates serve as ideal candidates for electrochemical detection of waterborne bacteria. This approach can be applied for the detection of other bacteria and viruses.
“…Additionally, zebrafish, as an emerging model to investigate the potential toxicity, has been used successfully to assess the potential risks induced by the IONPs. The result showed that carbon-modified α-Fe 2 O 3 significantly reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis, which had higher biocompatibility than Fe 3 O 4 [ 47 , 48 ] . Fig.…”
Section: Applications Of Ionps In Animal Modelsmentioning
The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), possessing both magnetic behavior and semiconductor property, have been extensively used in multifunctional biomedical fields due to their biocompatible, biodegradable and low toxicity, such as anticancer, antibacterial, cell labelling activities. Nevertheless, there are few IONPs in clinical use at present. Some IONPs approved for clinical use have been withdrawn due to insufficient understanding of its biomedical applications. Therefore, a systematic summary of IONPs’ preparation and biomedical applications is crucial for the next step of entering clinical practice from experimental stage. This review summarized the existing research in the past decade on the biological interaction of IONPs with animal/cells models, and their clinical applications in human. This review aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge involved with IONPs’ biological effects in vivo and in vitro, and improve their smarter design and application in biomedical research and clinic trials.
Graphical Abstract
“…[115,196,197] For example, high theoretical capacitance, versatile synthesis methods, and economical as well as environmentally sustainable. The theoretical capacitance is calculated using the relation between the molar mass of material (M), working potential window (V), the number of electrons transferred during redox reactions (n), and Faraday's constant (F = 96,485 C/mol), which is stated as, C = n×F/M × V. [198,199] TMOs have high theoretical specific capacitance, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 = 2000 F g −1 ), [200] manganese oxide (MnO 2 = 1370 F g −1 , Mn 3 O 4 = 1264 F g −1 ), [201,202] iron oxide (Fe 2 O 4 = 3625 F g −1 ), [203] nickel oxide (NiO = 2573 F g −1 ), [204] cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 = 3560 F g −1 CoO = 4292 F g −1 ), [205,206] copper oxide (CuO = 1800 F g −1 ). [207] These values are significantly higher than carbon allotropes, a commonly used supercapacitor material.…”
Section: Properties and Charge Storage Mechanism Of Tmosmentioning
In recent years, nanomaterials exploration and synthesis have played a crucial role in advancing energy storage research, particularly in supercapacitor development. Researchers have diversified materials, including metal oxides, chalcogenides, and composites, as well as carbon materials, to enhance energy and power density. Balancing energy density with electrochemical stability remains challenging, driving intensified efforts in advancing electrode materials. This review focuses on recent progress in designing and synthesizing core–shell materials tailored for supercapacitors. The core–shell architecture offers advantages such as increased surface area, redox active sites, electrical conductivity, ion diffusion kinetics, specific capacitance, and cyclability. The review explores the impact of core and shell materials, specifically transition metal oxides (TMOs), on supercapacitor electrochemical behavior. Metal oxide choices, such as cobalt oxide as a preferred core and manganese oxide as a shell, are discussed. The review also highlights characterization techniques for assessing structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of core–shell materials. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of ongoing TMOs‐based core–shell material research for supercapacitors, showcasing their potential to enhance energy storage for applications ranging from gadgets to electric vehicles. The review outlines existing challenges and future opportunities in evolving TMOs‐based core–shell materials for supercapacitor advancements, holding promise for high‐efficiency energy storage devices.
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