Altered Cytokine and BDNF Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Ricci, Serafino; Businaro, Rita; Ippoliti, Flora; Vasco, Vincenza Rita Lo; Massoni, Francesco; Onofri, Emanuela; Troili, Giulia Maria; Pontecorvi, V.; Morelli, Martina; Ricciardi, Max Rapp; Archer, Trevor

doi:10.1007/s12640-013-9393-4

Cited by 140 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Previous studies revealed activation of the Th1 system with increased production of IL-12 and interferon when compared to controls (Stubbs 1995, Singh 1996, and was recently confirmed (Ross et al 2013). Alterations in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-23 and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in ASD was recently reported (Ricci et al 2013). ASD children express increased IFNγ and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), resulting in a Th1 skewing (Croonenberghs et al 2002a, Goines et al 2011).…”

Section: ↓↑mentioning

confidence: 72%

Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder

Bjørklund

Saad

Chirumbolo

et al. 2016

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

148

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Section: ↓↑mentioning

confidence: 72%

Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder

Bjørklund

Saad

Chirumbolo

et al. 2016

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

148

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“…Increased levels of IL-1β were found in plasma [114,115], serum [116,117], and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) [118][119][120]; decreased levels were described in neonatal dried-blood samples (n-DBSS) [121]. In the VPA animal model, IL-1β was increased in the hippocampus [122,123], an LPSexposed hippocampus [109], and a whole-brain homogenate [124].…”

Section: Interleukin 1βmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmune Alterations in Autism: A Translational Analysis Focusing on the Animal Model of Autism Induced by Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid

Deckmann

Schwingel

Fontes-Dutra

et al. 2018

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent developmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and in stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Besides the classical behavioral dyad, several comorbidities are frequently present in patients with ASD, such as anxiety, epilepsy, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. Although the etiology of ASD remains unclear, there is supporting evidence for the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors. Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that, when used during the gestational period, increases the risk of ASD in the offspring. The animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to VPA demonstrates important structural and behavioral features that can be observed in individuals with autism; it is thus an excellent tool for testing new drug targets and developing novel behavioral and drug therapies. In addition, immunological alterations during pregnancy could affect the developing embryo because immune molecules can pass through the placental barrier. In fact, exposure to pathogens during the pregnancy is a known risk factor for ASD, and maternal immune activation can lead to autistic-like features in animals. Interestingly, neuroimmune alterations are common in both autistic individuals and in animal models of ASD. We summarize here the important alterations in inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and chemokines, in patients with ASD and in the VPA animal model.

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“…5,6 Earlier studies have documented prominent microglial activation and increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interferon gamma (IFN-g), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some individuals with ASD. 3,7 Although findings are not consistent, there is growing evidence indicating elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-23, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and decreased plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) in children with ASD as compared to controls. 1,16 Although the phenotypic and neurobiological heterogeneity in ASD might be underlying factors that account for inconsistent findings, it should also be noted that important confounding factors influencing immune markers, such as medication and body mass index (BMI), have not been adequately addressed in previous research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders

Gülöksüz

Abali

Çetin

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To investigate plasma concentrations of S100B (a calcium-binding protein derived primarily from the glia) and inflammatory cytokines in children with autism and the relationship between S100B and cytokine concentrations. Methods: Plasma levels of S100B, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were measured in 40 unmedicated children with autism and 35 normally developing healthy children. The severity of autism was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Concentrations of both S100B and TNF-a were higher in children with autism before and after adjusting for a priori-selected confounders (age, sex, and body mass index). S100B concentrations were higher in children with severe autism compared to children with mild-moderate autism. However, this association remained as a trend after adjusting for confounders. S100B concentrations correlated positively with TNF-a concentrations. Conclusion: Our findings showing an increase in peripheral concentrations of S100B and TNF-a provide limited support to the hypothesis about the roles of altered immune function and S100B in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies of larger numbers of well-characterized individuals with ASD are needed to clarify the potential role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of this disorder.

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Altered Cytokine and BDNF Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 140 publications

References 53 publications

Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder

Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder

Neuroimmune Alterations in Autism: A Translational Analysis Focusing on the Animal Model of Autism Induced by Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid

Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders

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