Altered Concentrations of Copper, Zinc, and Iron are Associated With Increased Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their First-Degree Relatives

Atari-Hajipirloo, Somayeh; Valizadeh, Neda; Khadem-Ansari, Mohammad Hassan; Rasmi, Yousef; Kheradmand, Fatemeh

doi:10.5812/ijem.33273

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Secondly, excess iron deposition culminates in hyperinsulinemia due to obstruction in the insulin withdrawing ability of the liver [ 27 ]. Such deposits hinder insulin action, resulting in insulin resistance, which suppresses the yield of glucose in the liver [ 28 ].A similar trend has been observed in previous studies [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Poor glycaemic control is the root cause of escalated protein glycation—especially haemoglobin, which restores the free state of iron.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Iron Profile and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Misra

Bhatter²,

Kumar

et al. 2016

Medical Sciences

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Iron overload is increasingly being connected to insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. Free iron causes the assembly of reactive oxygen species that invariably steer the body’s homeostasis towards oxidative stress-mediated diabetic complications. This study aims to assess the serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and percentage transferrin saturation (Tsat) of 150 subjects divided into three groups (I,II,III) of 50. Healthy individuals (controls) constituted Group I. Group II consisted of T2DM patients with optimal glycaemic control. T2DM patients with suboptimal glycaemic control formed group III. Mean serum free iron concentration was 105.34 ± 3.5, 107.33 ± 3.45, and 125.58 ± 3.45 μg/dL in Group I, Group II, and Group III, respectively. Mean serum TIBC concentration in Group I, Group II, and Group III was 311.39 ± 5.47, 309.63 ± 6.1, and 284.2 ± 3.18μg/dL, respectively. Mean serum transferrin saturation (%) in Group I, Group II, and Group III was 34.17 ± 1.21, 35.02 ± 1.2, and 44.39 ± 1.07, respectively. The difference between TIBC, mean serum free iron concentration, and transferrin saturation between Group I and Group III (for all, p values <0.001), as well as between Group II and Group III (p values 0.0012, 0.0015, and <0.0001, respectively) was statistically significant. The fasting plasma glucose values of Groups II and III were significantly higher than those of Group I, (p < 0.0001). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values were also shown to increase from Group I to II and then III, and the increase was highly significant (all p values <0.0001). Thus, decreased glycaemic control and an increase in the glycation of haemoglobin was the key to elevation in serum iron values and alterations in other parameters. However, a significant correlation was absent between serum iron and HbA1c (r = 0.05) and transferrin saturation (r = 0.0496) in Group III.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Iron Profile and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Misra

Bhatter²,

Kumar

et al. 2016

Medical Sciences

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“…2d) but not in males or females only. Previous studies have found that plasma copper concentration do not correlate with HbA1c concentration in T1DM but positively correlates in T2DM (Ruiz et al 1998;Atari-Hajipirloo et al 2016). Plasma magnesium concentration negatively correlated with HbA1c concentration in T1DM when looking at both sexes Fig.…”

Section: Relationship Between Plasma Metal Concentrations and Hba1c Cmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…2m respectively) but not in males or females only. In previous publications, the zinc/copper ratio was also negatively correlated in T1DM and T2DM (Lin et al 2014;Atari-Hajipirloo et al 2016). Correlation of HbA1c concentration with total plasma metal concentrations could potentially be explained by glycation or oxidationassociated modifications of metal ion transport proteins (Abdelmagid et al 2015), formation of glycocholate (anion of the bile acid glycholic acid) that can complex and excrete metals in bile (Atari-Hajipirloo et al 2016) or abnormal insulin signalling leading to dysregulated metal homeostasis (McNair et al 1982;Gommers et al 2016).…”

Section: Relationship Between Plasma Metal Concentrations and Hba1c Cmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Sex differences have also been shown to be of some importance with higher levels of copper reported in females with T1DM but not males (Ruiz et al 1998). In addition, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level as an indication of diabetes management was found to correlate with several plasma metal concentrations, including zinc, copper and magnesium and also to the zinc/copper ratio (Naka et al 2013;Ramadass et al 2015;Atari-Hajipirloo et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total plasma magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in type-I and type-II diabetes

et al. 2019

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Glycemia and insulin resistance are important regulators of multiple physiological processes and their dysregulation has wide-ranging consequences, including alterations in plasma concentrations of metal micronutrients. Here, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium and glycated albumin (HbA1c) concentrations and quartile differences were examined in 45 subjects with type-I diabetes (T1DM), 54 subjects with type-II diabetes (T2DM) and 62 control subjects in order to assess potential differences between sexes and between T1DM and T2DM. Plasma magnesium concentration was decreased in T1DM subjects, with the second, third and fourth quartiles of magnesium concentrations associated with the absence of T1DM. This effect was observed in females but not males. In T2DM, the highest quartile of selenium concentrations and the third quartile of copper concentrations associated with the absence of diabetes in males. The highest quartile of magnesium concentrations was associated with the absence of T2DM in males but not females. HbA1c correlated with plasma concentrations of magnesium (negatively, in both sexes together in T1DM and T1DM males), copper (positively, in T1DM males and in both sexes together in T2DM), selenium (positively, in both sexes together in T1DM and T2DM, and T2DM females) and with zinc/copper ratio (negatively, in both sexes together in T1DM and T2DM). This study shows that plasma magnesium concentration is altered to the highest degree in T1DM, while in T2DM, plasma selenium and copper concentrations are significantly affected. This work increases our understanding of how T1DM and T2DM affects plasma metal concentrations and may have future implications for diabetes management.

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“…An imbalance in the metabolism of Cu has been linked to hypercholesterolemia and an increased Cu:Zn superoxide dismutase was detected in obese individuals [89]. This obvious opposition between Zn and Cu has been acknowledged in hypertension [90], type 2 diabetes [91] and elevated blood pressure [92]. Zn can have an endogenous protective role against dyslipidemia and arteriosclerosis as it can inhibit the oxidation of LDL-C and protect against inflammatory diseases by inhibiting the activation of oxidative stress [82,93].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Link between Zinc Intake and Status with Plasma Fatty Acid Profile and Desaturase Activities in Dyslipidemic Subjects?

et al. 2019

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The prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia has increased worldwide. The role of trace elements in the pathogenesis of these conditions is not well understood. This study examines the relationship between dietary zinc (Zn) intake and plasma concentrations of Zn, copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) with lipid profile indicators, fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids and desaturase enzyme activities in a dyslipidemic population. The role of the newly proposed biomarker of Zn status, the linoleic:dihomo-gama-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio, in predicting Zn status of dyslipidemic subjects has been explored. The study included 27 dyslipidemic adults, 39-72 years old. Trace elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and fatty acid composition by a liquid gas chromatography. Desaturase activities were calculated from product-precursor fatty acid ratios. Dietary data were obtained using 24 h recall questionnaires. Insufficient dietary intake of Zn, low plasma Zn concentrations and an altered Cu:Zn ratio is related to modified fatty acid profile in subjects with dyslipidemia. Plasma Zn status was associated with obesity. There was no correlation between dietary Zn intake and plasma Zn status. The LA:DGLA ratio was inversely linked to dietary Zn intake. Cu, in addition to Zn, may directly or indirectly, affect the activity of desaturase enzymes. region of Europe (54% for both sexes). Successful treatment of dyslipidemia significantly reduces morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases [7]. Basically 10% reduction in serum lipid levels has been reported to result in a 50% reduction in heart disease within 5 years [1].Trace elements have crucial roles in metabolism, growth, immunological and neurological functions [8][9][10]. Zinc (Zn) is required for an adequate activity of more than 300 enzymes involved in protein synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, reproduction and oxidative clearance [11]. Iron (Fe) is needed for proper oxygen transport, while copper (Cu) is important for the oxido-reduction and detoxification and is involved in growth, development of cellular elements of arterial walls, lipoprotein metabolism and immune function [9,12,13]. The concentrations of serum/plasma minerals Zn, Cu and Fe are associated with the development of chronic diseases [10,14,15]. Deficiency in microelements leads to an increase in fat deposition and obesity [16]. Hypoferremia is often seen in people suffering from hypertension and plasma Zn concentrations have been directly correlated with total cholesterol and LDL-C levels [15,17]. Zn, Cu and Fe plasma levels are related to the extent of myocardial damage [18]. Epidemiological studies show a direct correlation between low plasma Zn and Fe concentrations and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [19]. Elevated plasma levels of Cu were reported in patients with coronary artery disease [20]. Although deficiencies of trace elements may alter metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, the mechanism of their action is not yet completely understood. The fatty acid (FA)...

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Altered Concentrations of Copper, Zinc, and Iron are Associated With Increased Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their First-Degree Relatives

Cited by 35 publications

References 58 publications

Iron Profile and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Iron Profile and Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Total plasma magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in type-I and type-II diabetes

Is There a Link between Zinc Intake and Status with Plasma Fatty Acid Profile and Desaturase Activities in Dyslipidemic Subjects?

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