“…Substrate stretching devices have been utilized to mimic strain of the extracellular bone matrix, in which cells are subjected to stretching at 1-12 % strain driven by a vacuum pump, motor, or weight. Using such devices, cyclic stretching has been applied in a number of studies (Peng, et al, 2012;Matsugaki, et al, 2013;Wang, et al, 2014;Gao, et al, 2016;Li, et al, 2018;Serrano, et al, 2018;Sasaki, et al, 2020;Wang, et al, 2021) to mimic in vivo mechanical loading and continuous stretch/compression (Hoshi, et al, 2014;Dalagiorgou, et al, 2017) in a few studies. Stretch-derived mechanical stimuli, which are transmitted via focal adhesions, elicit responses of focal adhesions, molecular channels, collagen, and signaling molecules, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), in osteoblasts and osteocytes.…”