Alterations in the cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities and inflammation biomarker levels in patients with multiple sclerosis

Dysregulated Homeostasis of Acetylcholine Levels in Immune Cells of RR-Multiple Sclerosis Patients

“…In fact, in our previous work we have demonstrated that the α-7 nicotinic receptors are expressed in PBMC of RR-MS patients and their stimulation can negatively modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines [36]. Our results, in agreement with previous observations indicating altered levels of cholinesterases in serum, plasma and CSF of MS patients [18], may explain why the use of cholinesterase inhibitors could decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce neuro-inflammation, ameliorate EAE symptoms and improve cognitive deficit [37,38]. …”

“…Previously we demonstrated that ACh levels in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of RR-MS patients was lower than in HD [16]. Moreover, alterations of cholinesterase activities have been described in the nervous system, in sera and in plasma of MS patients [17,18]. Albeit cholinergic alterations being described in MS, a complete analysis of all cholinergic system members in the immune cells of MS patients, as well as an analysis demonstrating the co-presence of ACh and its hydrolyzing enzymes, is, at least, lacking.…”

Exercise Training positively modulates the Ectonucleotidase Enzymes in Lymphocytes of Metabolic Syndrome Patients

“…Then, by controlling the extracellular adenine nucleotide and nucleoside levels, ectonuclotidase enzymes, such as E-NTPDase and ADA, are able to regulate the immune homeostasis and, for this reason, alteration in their activities has been associated with inflammatory diseases [1]. Indeed, studies of our research group have demonstrated alteration in the ectonucleotidase enzymes of lymphocytes in diseases that have inflammatory process involved in their pathology, such as hypertension [7], multiple sclerosis [26,30], HIV [19] and smoking [33]. Similarly, the inflammatory process appears to be a central mechanism in the pathophysiology of the MetS, since in central obesity the adipose tissue becomes metabolically active and releases different adipocytokines, which regulate immune-inflammatory function and may contribute to the development of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and NAFLD [22,35].…”

“…In accordance with these ideas, our results showed an increase in E-NTPDase activity to ATP and ADP hydrolysis and a decrease in ADA activity of lymphocytes from MetS patients, which may favor an immunosuppressive condition by increasing adenosine level. Indeed, some reports have demonstrated that these enzymatic behaviors in lymphocytes represent an important compensatory mechanism to reduce inflammation and immune response in diverse pathologies [7,19,26,30,33].…”

Biomarkers and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis : A cohort study on patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

“…They are highly specific neuronal proteins that are very stable in vitro [42]. Three major neurofilament subunits exist and based on their molecular mass they are named neurofilament heavy chain (200-220 kDa), neurofilament intermediate chain (145)(146)(147)(148)(149)(150)(151)(152)(153)(154)(155)(156)(157)(158)(159)(160) and neurofilament light chain (68-70 kDa). NFL and NFH can be measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in CSF.…”