Alterations in blood, sweat, urine and muscle composition during prolonged exercise in the horse

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

“…The rate of plasma LA clearance found in the present study was considerably higher to that documented by Snow et al [34] in Thoroughbred and Muñoz et al [21] in Andalusian horses. The most important ways of lactate elimination are oxidation in aerobic muscle fibres and intramuscular or hepatic gluconeogenesis.…”

“…Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38]. However, an important glycolytic capacity is also required during maximal exercise bouts or sprints, as high levels of blood lactate, glycerol, ammonia, hypoxantine, uric acid and allantoin have been found after racing [28,29,34]. Similarly, high muscle concentrations of lactate, hexoses monophosphate, glycerol-3-P and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) have been also presented [9,12,30,34].…”

“…However, an important glycolytic capacity is also required during maximal exercise bouts or sprints, as high levels of blood lactate, glycerol, ammonia, hypoxantine, uric acid and allantoin have been found after racing [28,29,34]. Similarly, high muscle concentrations of lactate, hexoses monophosphate, glycerol-3-P and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) have been also presented [9,12,30,34]. Therefore, the success of an equine athlete is linked to the relationship between oxidative and glycolytic capacities.…”

Physical exercise on serum electrolytes and acid base balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses submitted to cavalcade of 4, 8 and 20km

“…Higher Hct values observed in horses after cavalcade competition of 20km were similar to the results reported in Mangalarga Marchador horses after official marcha tests and in many other studies of horses of different breeds involved in a variety of equestrian competitions (SNOW et al, 1982;KOWAL et al, 2006).…”

“…Increase in Na + concentration observed in the horses of G20 after cavalcade was similar to that detected in other investigation during endurance competitions of 60km (DI FILIPPO et al, 2009) and 80km (SNOW et al, 1982). According to FERRAZ et al (2010), a possible mechanism to explain the elevation of serum concentrations of sodium is the exchange of ions and water that occurs between the active and inactive muscles.…”