Alteration of the Enantioselective Toxicity of Diclofop Acid by Nonylphenol: Effect on Ascorbate‐Glutathione Cycle in Microcystis Aeruginosa

Abstract

The enantioselective effects of chiral compounds have been the subject of extensive studies in recent years due to their important implications for contaminant behavior and risk as well as the design of drug and pesticide formulations. The potential alterations of enantioselectivity, however, still remain elusive from the available data suggesting the effects of numerous environmental factors and the coexisting achiral and chiral compounds. Herein we studied the effect of nonylphenol (NP), a ubiquitous contaminant and ingredient in pesticide formulation, on the enantioselectivity of diclofop acid (DC) through ascorbate‐glutathione (AsA‐GSH) cycle in Microcystis aeruginosa. The enantioselectivity of DC in the AsA and GSH antioxidant defense system of M. aeruginosa was affected significantly by the addition of NP. Specifically, although R‐ DC and S‐DC were added with an equal toxic concentration (at their EC50 values), NP addition to the DC treatments altered the enantiomeric ratios of the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), key enzymes in the regeneration of AsA and GSH, respectively. NP also modified the enantiomeric ratios of AsA and GSH levels in both the AsA and GSH antioxidant defense systems of M. aeruginosa. Overall, the oxidative damage induced by R‐DC was further deteriorated, whereas that induced by S‐DC was alleviated after NP addition. These altered enantioselectivities indicate a need to reexamine the risks and biological effects of chiral compounds in the complex environmental matrices containing a multitude of other chemicals, including commercial chiral agricultural chemicals. Chirality 28:475–481, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Capillary Blood GSH Level Monitoring, Using an Electrochemical Method Adapted for Micro Volumes

“…GSH is also needed for the detoxification of xenobiotics [ 8 , 15 , 16 ]. GSH possesses thiol moiety, which acts as a reducing agent, due to its ability to transform into oxidized, dimeric glutathione (GSSG), which can be reduced back to GSH in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle [ 17 , 18 ]. Since thiols play an important role in several biological processes, they are objects of increasing interest [ 19 , 20 ].…”