Alteration of lipid status and lipid metabolism, induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat liver

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide (2,4-D) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins concentrations, hepatic lipid peroxidation, fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each: control group and three 2,4-D-treated groups G1, G2 and G3 were administered 15, 75 and 150 mg/kg/BW/d 2,4-D by gavage for 28 d, respectively. Results showed that 2,4-D caused significant negative changes in the biochemical parameters investigated. The malondialdehyde level was significantly increased in 2,4-D-treated groups. Fatty acid composition of the liver was also significantly changed with 2,4-D exposure. Furthermore, the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly affected. Finally, 2,4-D at the studied doses modifies lipidic status, disrupt lipid metabolism and induce hepatic oxidative stress. In conclusion, at higher doses, 2,4-D may play an important role in the development of vascular disease via metabolic disorder of lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.

A longitudinal study of atrazine and 2,4‐D exposure and oxidative stress markers among iowa corn farmers

“…The effect of 2,4‐D on oxidative stress in our study was relatively modest; a five‐fold increase in urinary 2,4‐D was associated with an 11% increase in 8‐OHdG and a 14% increase in 8‐isoPGF. This observed association in our study between 2,4‐D and oxidative stress in humans is supported by findings in laboratory animals (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). 2,4‐D treatment of rats at subacute levels has been associated with increased levels of oxidative stress at various organ sites, including the mammary gland, ovaries, ventral prostate, and liver (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ).…”

“…This observed association in our study between 2,4‐D and oxidative stress in humans is supported by findings in laboratory animals (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). 2,4‐D treatment of rats at subacute levels has been associated with increased levels of oxidative stress at various organ sites, including the mammary gland, ovaries, ventral prostate, and liver (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). Total length of exposure (i.e., 45 days vs. 90 days) was not associated with higher oxidative stress (Pochettino et al ).…”

Transcriptional expression levels and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in the earthworm Eisenia andrei after exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

“…There is some evidence that 2,4-D causes a physiological disorder in animals that results in the accumulation of ROS (Romero-Puertas et al 2004;Oruç et al 2004;Tayeb et al 2013). In addition to the direct production of free radicals, it seems that there are also other factors involved in 2,4-D toxicity.…”

“…2,4-D has been registered for use since the 1940s (Burns and Swaen, 2012); since 2001, it has become the most commonly used herbicide in the residential market and the seventh most commonly used herbicide in the agricultural market (Von Stackelberg, 2013). 2,4-D is an herbicide of high environmental relevance that has been shown to exert long-term toxic effects to soil and aquatic biota (Atamaniuk et al, 2013;Burns and Swaen, 2012;Tayeb et al, 2013).…”

“…Exposure to 2,4-D enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells (Atamaniuk et al, 2013;Pochettino et al, 2013;Tayeb et al, 2013), thereby increasing the risk of oxidative alterations. ROS formation and the resulting damage are countered physiologically by a range of cellular antioxidant defenses, including antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (Livingstone, 2001).…”