Alterações estruturais em rins de caninos naturalmente infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi

Abstract

Introduction: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease with different clinical manifestations. Parasitism often occurs in bone marrow, but changes have been observed in peripheral blood and serum biochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. Methods: Eighty-five adult dogs of both sexes and various weights and ages from the Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (CCZ) were used, selected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and considered positive with IFA titers greater than 1:40 and by visualizing amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi in smears obtained by bone marrow aspiration. The dogs (n = 85) were grouped according to clinical signs: negative (CN = 7), subclinical (CS = 10), and clinical (CC = 68). Blood samples were collected for determination of hematological and biochemical serum values. The experimental protocol was approved by the CEUA/UECE. Results: The most frequent clinical signs were cachexia (77.9%), keratitis (61.8%), and lymphadenopathy (55.9%), and 86.8% of the animals showed more than one clinical sign characteristic of CVL. In CC were observed reductions in red blood cells (63%), hematocrit (72%), and hemoglobin (62%), as well as leukocytosis (33%), neutropenia (28%), thrombocytopenia (50%), uremia (45%), hyperproteinemia (53%, p<0.05), hypergammaglobulinemia (62%, p<0.01), and hypoalbuminemia (58%). Conclusions: Animals with the clinical form of the disease demonstrate hematological and biochemical changes consistent with anemia, uremia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperglobulinemia, which present themselves as strong clinical markers of visceral leishmaniasis associated with the signs previously reported. RESUMO Introdução: A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma zoonose com diferentes manifestações clínicas. O parasitismo ocorre frequentemente na medula óssea e têm sido relatadas alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas. Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania chagasi. Métodos: Utilizaram-se 85 cães adultos, ambos os sexos, peso e idade variados, oriundos do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Fortaleza, selecionados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), sendo considerados positivos os animais com títulos de RIFI ≥ 1:40 e pelo exame parasitológico das formas amastigotas de Leishmania chagasi em esfregaços de medula óssea. Os cães foram agrupados conforme os sinais clínicos associados à doença: negativos (CN=7); subclínicos (CS=10) e clínicos (CC=68). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos. O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo CEUA/UECE, protocolo n° 08622833-1. Resultados: Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram caquexia (77,9%), ceratoconjuntivite (61,8%) e linfadenopatia (55,9%), sendo que 86, 8% dos animais apresentaram mais de um sinal clínico característico de LVC. Em CC foram observadas reduções nas hemácias (...

Renal Histopathological Findings in Dogs With Visceral Leishmaniasis

“…Alterations such as cylindruria, tubular hypertrophy and fibrosis, as well as periglomerular inflammatory infiltrates and multifocal and diffuse peritubular, were present, as reported in other studies 1,9,13 .…”

“…A study of dog kidney fragments showed significant differences between membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the presence or absence of symptoms 24 . In the present study there was no significant difference between the presence of glomerulonephritis in symptomatic and oligosymptomatic groups, assuming that the renal alterations are more related to immune status and immune cell response of dogs than to the presence of signs and symptoms and exposure time 1 . In visceral leishmaniasis, activation of the immune system occurs and lesions in non-lymphoid organs, including kidneys, occur not only by immune complex deposition, but also through the participation of macrophages, T cells, cytokines and immunoglobulins, by mechanisms which are not yet clear 14,27 .…”

“…Lymphocytes from symptomatic dogs proliferated against specific leishmania antigens and asymptomatic dogs can evolve to spontaneous healing, presenting a positive cellular immune response 5 . Canine visceral leishmaniasis is thought to be an immune-mediated disease; where the presence of a humoral response is associated with clinical disease, while the cellular response has been observed in asymptomatic animals 1,17 . A study of dog kidney fragments showed significant differences between membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the presence or absence of symptoms 24 .…”

Evaluation of the serum biochemistry and histopathology of kidney and bladder of dogs with Leishmania sp. in their urine

“…in urine can be related to the severity of the renal lesions, necessitating kidney impairment evaluation via biochemical measurements. It is also necessary to perform histopathology, given that biochemical parameters only detect kidney injury when it affects over 75% of the function of both kidneys (ALBUQUERQUE et al, 2008;ARESU et al, 2013).…”

Comparative B‐mode and Doppler renal ultrasonography with histopathological findings in dogs positive for canine visceral leishmaniasis

“…In this study, all the dogs positive for CVL (100%) showed glomerular and interstitial changes, which characterized membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In a study using 12 dogs, Albuquerque et al () found 91.7% inflammatory interstitial changes, as well as 83.3% glomerulosclerosis. Enríquez et al () and Rigo et al () reported that such changes are closely related to the inflammatory response to infection mediated by the parasite's ability to resist the action of macrophages and its capacity to inhibit the cellular immune response.…”