Alpha-momorcharin, a RIP produced by bitter melon, enhances defense response in tobacco plants against diverse plant viruses and shows antifungal activity in vitro

Abstract

Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is type-1 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) with molecular weight of 29 kDa and has lots of biological activity. Our recent study indicated that the α-MMC purified from seeds of Momordica charantia exhibited distinct antiviral and antifungal activity. Tobacco plants pre-treated with 0.5 mg/mL α-MMC 3 days before inoculation with various viruses showed less-severe symptom and less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation compared to that inoculated with viruses only. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the replication levels of viruses were lower in the plants treated with the α-MMC than control plants at 15 days post inoculation. Moreover, the coat protein expression of viruses was almost completely inhibited in plants which were treated with the α-MMC compared with control plants. Furthermore, the SA-responsive defense-related genes including non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), PR1, PR2 were up-regulated and activities of some antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) were increased after the α-MMC treatment. In addition, the α-MMC (500 μg/mL) revealed remarkable antifungal effect against phytopathogenic fungi, in the growth inhibition range 50.35-67.21 %, along with their MIC values ranging from 100 to 500 μg/mL. The α-MMC had also a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The α-MMC showed a remarkable antiviral and antifungal effect and hence could possibly be exploited in crop protection for controlling certain important plant diseases.

Involvement of PHYB in resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Nicotiana tabacum

“…Determination of electrolyte leakage, relative water content, malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 relative content Electrolyte leakage (EL) was measured as described previously (Zhu et al 2013). After measuring the conductivity of the fresh leaves, the leaves were boiled for 15 min to achieve 100 % EL.…”

“…Superoxide and H 2 O 2 were visually detected with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as described previously (Zhu et al 2013). Tobacco leaves were excised at the base with a razor blade and supplied through the cut ends with NBT (0.5 mg ml -1 ) solutions for 2 h or DAB (2 mg ml -1 ) solutions for 8 h. Leaves were then decolorized in boiling ethanol (95 %) for 15 min.…”

Turnip crinkle virus with nonviral gene cancels the effect of silencing suppressors of P19 and 2b in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…The probe was synthesized by PCR from TCV infectious cDNA clone with a pair of primers (5 0 -GGAAA-GATCTGCCGGTCTCG-3 0 ; and 5 0 -CAGGCCCCCCCCCCGCGCGA-3 0 ), corresponding to the 3 0 untranslated region of TCV. The recombinant TCV mutants with GFP (T-G, T-G-C, T-P19-G and T-2b-G) were also tested for GFP expression (fluorescence) in dcl2/dcl3/dcl4 plants by use of long-wavelength UV light illumination (380e420 nm) [37,38].…”

Hepatoprotective Models and Various Natural Product Used in Hepatoprotective Agents: a Review

“…Alkaloids, charantin, charine, cryptoxanthin, cucurbitins, cucurbitacins, cucurbitanes, cycloartenols, diosgenin, elaeostearic acids, erythrodiol, galacturonic acids, gentisic acid, goyaglycosides, goyasaponins, guanylate cyclase inhibitors, gypsogenin, hydroxytryptamines, karounidiols, lanosterol, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, momorcharasides, momorcharins, momordenol, momordicilin, momordicins (Figure 65), momordicinin, momordicosides, momordin, multiflorenol, myristic acid, nerolidol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, pentadecans, peptides, petroselinic acid, polypeptides, proteins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, rosmarinic acid, rubixanthin, spinasterol, steroidal glycosides, stigmasta-diols, stigmasterol, taraxerol, trehalose, trypsin inhibitors, uracil, vacine, v-insulin, verbascoside, vicine, zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeaxanthin, and zeinoxanthin are all found in bitter melon. [87,88] Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)…”