“…Immunoassays have always been irreplaceable methods in disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and medical treatment evaluation (Kingsmore, 2006;Rusling et al, 2010;Barbosa and Reis, 2017). Many methods, including gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) Yang et al, 2021), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) (Iranifam, 2014;Fan et al, 2021), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) (Raleigh et al, 1992;Zhang et al, 2019), were designed for tumor marker detection. The above conventional methods have their superiority and have been applied to clinical practice.…”