Allozymic variation in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from San Quintín Bay,Baja California, Mexico

Correa, Felipe; Collins, Emily; Oceguera, A.; Cordero, Beatriz; Domínguez, Daniel

doi:10.7773/cm.v30i11.118

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Los homogenizados de los individuos se analizaron en electroforesis horizontal en geles de almidón al 10% (Sigma) utilizando la metodología descrita por de la Rosa-Vélez (1986) y Correa et al (2004). Se utilizaron los procedimientos de tinción histoquímica descritos por Abreu-Grobois (1983), de la Rosa-Vélez (1986), May (1992), Licona-Chávez (1999) y Correa et al (2004) para analizar un total de 23 sistemas enzimáticos, de los cuales se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles en 13 sistemas enzimáticos: malato deshidrogenasa (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), enzima málica (ME, EC 1.1.1.40), isocitrato deshidrogenasa (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), glucosa-6fosfato-1-deshidrogenasa (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49), superóxidodismutasa (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), hexokinasa (HK, EC 2.7.1.1), carboxilesterasas (EST,, carboxilesterasas-D (EST-D, EC 3.1.1.1), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP,EC 3.1.3.1),leucilaminopeptidasa (LAP,EC 3.4.11.1),EC 5.3.1.8), fosfoglucosa-isomerasa (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9) y fosfoglucomutasa (PGM, EC 5.4.2.2). Con estos sistemas enzimáticos se obtuvieron un total de 21 loci.…”

Section: Análisis Electroforéticosunclassified

“…The homogenates were analyzed by horizontal starch-gel (10%, Sigma) electrophoresis, following the methodology described by de la Rosa-Vélez (1986) and Correa et al (2004). The histochemical staining procedures described by Abreu-Grobois (1983), de la Rosa-Vélez (1986), May (1992), Licona-Chávez (1999) and Correa et al (2004) were used to analyze a total of 23 enzymatic systems, obtaining reproducible results for 13 of them: malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37); malic enzyme (ME,EC 1.1.1.40); isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42); glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49); superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1); hexokinase (HK, EC 2.7.1.1); carboxylesterases (EST, EC 3.1.1.-); carboxylesterases-D (EST-D, EC 3.1.1.1); alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1); leucil aminopeptidase (LAP, EC 3.4.11.1); manose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI, EC 5.3.1.8); phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9); and phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 5.4.2.2). A total of 21 loci were obtained with these enzymatic systems.…”

Section: Electrophoretic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and morphometric analysis of Chione californiensis and C. subimbricata (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from the Mexican East Pacific and Gulf of California

Licona-Chavez¹

2007

Cienc. Mar.

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Con el objetivo de caracterizar genética y morfométricamente algunas poblaciones de Chione californiensis y C. subimbricata de las costas del Golfo de California y el Pacífico bajacaliforniano, se realizaron electroforesis de alozimas en 23 sistemas enzimáticos y análisis morfométricos con 14 caracteres de la valva izquierda. Los análisis alozímicos revelaron un grado de heterocigosidad mayor a 40% en todas las poblaciones y debido a que algunos loci se desviaron significativamente de la Ley de Hardy-Weinberg, se plantea que se encuentran en desequilibrio. El indice de fijación para las poblaciones de C. californiensis indicó poca estructuración genética (FST = 0.045, Nm = 0.363) debido a que el flujo genético está limitado por la ubicación y las condiciones geográficas de las localidades en donde se recolectaron las poblaciones estudiadas. La distancia genética de Nei agrupó a las dos poblaciones más sureñas de C. californiensis y corroboró la relación sistemática de esta especie respecto a C. subimbricata. El análisis morfométrico logró evidenciar diferencias intra e interpoblacionales, así como también la relación sistemática entre ambas especies. Se identificaron seis variables morfométricas que contribuyeron en mayor medida a esta diferenciación y se obtuvieron distancias morfométricas de Mahalanobis que reflejaron diferencias en la morfometría de las dos poblaciones de C. californiensis del Golfo de California y la población del Pacífico. Los resultados generados en ambos tipos de análisis respaldaron la agrupación de estas especies dentro del subgénero Chione propuesto por Keen (1971). For the genetic and morphometric characterization of three populations of Chione californiensis and one of C. subimbricata from the Pacific Baja California and Gulf of California coastlines (Mexico), allozyme electrophoresis was performed in 23 enzymatic systems and 14 morphometric characters were analyzed. The allozymic analysis indicated a heterozygosity of more than 40% in all the populations and since some loci deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg law, disequilibrium is proposed. The fixation index for the populations of C. californiensis showed little genetic structure (FST = 0.045, Nm = 0.363) because gene flow is limited by the location and geographic conditions of the sites from where they were collected. Nei|00E2|??s genetic distance grouped the two southernmost populations of C. californiensis and corroborated the systematic relationship of this species with C. subimbricata. The discriminant function analysis revealed intra- and interpopulation differences, as well as the systematic relationship between both species. Six morphometric variables were identified that contributed most to this differentiation and the Mahalanobis morphometric distances indicated differences in the morphometry of the two C. californiensis populations from the Gulf of California and the population from the Pacific. The results generated by both analyses support the inclusion of these species within the subgenus Chione proposed by Keen (1971).

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Section: Análisis Electroforéticosunclassified

Section: Electrophoretic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and morphometric analysis of Chione californiensis and C. subimbricata (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from the Mexican East Pacific and Gulf of California

Licona-Chavez¹

2007

Cienc. Mar.

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“…Industries such as aquaculture are currently operating in SQB at a sustainable rate (Aguirre-Muñoz et al 2001, Correa et al 2004, García-Esquivel et al 2004; however, the cover of Zostera marina meadows has declined by 14% (mainly in subtidal zones) over the last 2 decades (Ward et al 2004a,b). This habitat fragmentation reduces the size and increases the spatial isolation of plant populations, and decreases the effective population size thus leading to bottlenecks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow

Muñíz-Salazar¹,

Talbot²,

Sage³

et al. 2006

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Genetic structure of the seagrass Zostera marina in a coastal lagoon with restricted water flow, and with heterogeneous water residence times and oceanographic characteristics, was assessed using 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Analyses of genetic differentiation (θ) and Bayesian clustering suggested that the Z. marina population in San Quintin Bay (SQB) is genetically substructured, with at least 4 genetically different groups: (1) West Head, (2) Mouth, (3) East Arm, and (4) East Head. The greatest θ value was observed between the most distant sites (θ = 0.095). The lowest values were found among sites closest to the mouth of the coastal lagoon (θ = 0.000 to 0.009). The maximum likelihood approach showed that the sites at the mouth have a mixed pattern of gene flow without a unidirectional pattern. In contrast, there was a clear pattern of asymmetrical gene flow from the mouth towards the West Head. These results suggested that the restriction of water flow at the heads, current pattern, and the distance between sites can reduce genetic flow and promote genetic differences within Z. marina meadows in small water embayments such as SQB. Though the population is genetically substructured and a 14% decline in cover has been detected, this study did not show evidence of a recent genetic bottleneck. In contrast, mouth sites have experienced a recent expansion in their population size, and also perhaps a recent influx of rare alleles from genetically distinct immigrants.

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“…In Mexico, only two genetic studies of C. gigas have been made, both based on allozymes. De la Rosa-Vélez et al (1991) reported good genetic variability in cultures at San Quintín, Baja California, but more than 10 years later, Correa et al (2004) reported a severe reduction in variability at the same oyster farm. For C. corteziensis, Cruz et al (2007) The Marine Species Hatchery Center of the State of Sonora (Centro Reproductor de Especies Marinas del Estado de Sonora, CREMES) supplies more than 50 oyster farms in northwestern Mexico, providing spat of both diploid C. gigas and C. corteziensis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea corteziensis from a hatchery in northwestern Mexico

Enríquez-Espinoza

2010

Cienc. Mar.

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To evaluate the genetic variability of oysters supplied by the Centro Reproductor de Especies Marinas del Estado de Sonora (Marine Species Hatchery Center of the State of Sonora), allozyme loci of triploid Crassostrea gigas (n = 78) and the F1 generation of a new batch of diploid native oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (n = 78) were analyzed. For the C. gigas sample, 10 enzymatic systems were analyzed, revealing 16 loci of which 12 were polymorphic. For C. corteziensis, 9 enzymatic systems revealed 13 loci, of which 8 were polymorphic. The average expected and observed heterozygosities for C. gigas were 0.350 and 0.309, respectively, with no significant differences between them. These figures are similar to those reported for wild diploid organisms, but lower than those reported for triploids. The average expected and observed heterozygosities for C. corteziensis were 0.294 and 0.065, with significant differences (P = 0.001). The phenotypic frequency analysis of the 12 polymorphic loci of C. gigas demonstrated that only 3 loci (AKP*, EST-2*, and PEP-1*) were in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, with an average inbreeding of 0.133. For C. corteziensis, the 8 polymorphic loci were found outside of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, reflecting a high inbreeding value of 0.777 because of the large heterozygote deficiency in all loci, suggesting that the source broodstock is genetically eroded. If genetic variability is not considered in the selection of the broodstock, oyster culture in northwest Mexico will become unstable. We recommend a program of selection of diploid lineages of C. gigas with a good genetic variability and a good level of heterozygosis, and for C. corteziensis it is important to choose the wild population with the lowest inbreeding index in order to get a genetically healthy broodstock.

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Allozymic variation in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from San Quintín Bay,Baja California, Mexico

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic and morphometric analysis of Chione californiensis and C. subimbricata (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from the Mexican East Pacific and Gulf of California

Genetic and morphometric analysis of Chione californiensis and C. subimbricata (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from the Mexican East Pacific and Gulf of California

Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow

Genetic variability of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea corteziensis from a hatchery in northwestern Mexico

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