Allergy: Etiology and Epidemiology

Nimmagadda, Sai; Evans, Richard

doi:10.1542/pir.20-4-110

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…AD appears in early childhood, in approximately 90% of cases before age 5. Epidemiologic data indicate that the prevalence of AD has been increasing steadily since World War II and now affects more than 12% of children in the Western world [1,2]. AD symptomatology often results in significant morbidity associated with frequent hospitalization, school absenteeism, difficulties in attaining educational qualifications, and missed work days.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychoneuroimmunodermatology of Atopic Dermatitis: From Empiric Data to the Evolutionary Hypothesis

Pallanti

Lotti

Urpe

2005

Dermatologic Clinics

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confidence: 99%

Psychoneuroimmunodermatology of Atopic Dermatitis: From Empiric Data to the Evolutionary Hypothesis

Pallanti

Lotti

Urpe

2005

Dermatologic Clinics

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“…Numerous recent reports have demonstrated an increase in the prevalence and incidence of allergic conditions during the past years which affect approximately 25% of the general population (1) and about US$ 6 billion alone are estimated as direct costs of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (2). Whereas a large amount of studies have focused on the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma over the past years, ocular allergies are less well studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of allergic and inflammatory conjunctivitis

Groneberg

Bielory

Fischer

et al. 2003

Allergy

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Numerous recent reports have demonstrated an increase in the prevalence and incidence of allergic conditions during the past years which affect approximately 25% of the general population (1) and about US$ 6 billion alone are estimated as direct costs of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (2). Whereas a large amount of studies have focused on the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma over the past years, ocular allergies are less well studied. However, allergic diseases affecting the eye are very common (3) and pediatric studies have shown that within distinct cohorts, up to 32% of allergic children have an ocular allergy as the primary manifestation of allergy (4). Allergic eye diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis commonly present with the symptoms of itchy, watery, red, sore and swollen eyes, but not pain (5).In contrast to the large amount of experimental studies on allergic asthma and the detailed knowledge that exists on mediators of allergic airway inflammation (6-8), there are few experimental studies using models of allergic eye diseases. Detailed reviews to assess the pathophysiology and immunology of ocular allergies have been limited. This review hopefully fills this void to provide the clinical and translational researcher in the area of ocular allergy. Pathophysiology of ocular allergiesBefore characterizing the different animal models of ocular allergy which have been established so far, it is crucial to reflect that within the area of ocular allergies, different disease entities exist and that only some of them may be mimicked by animal models. Formally, conjunctivitis may be divided into allergic and nonallergic conjunctivitis and the allergic form may also be subdivided into IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis ( Fig. 1) (9). Clinically, the spectrum of conjunctivitis types can be subdivided into allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis.In contrast to the other forms of conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis is commonly based on an IgEmediated hypersensitivity reaction. Furthermore, allergic Allergic eye diseases are complex inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva with an increasing prevalence and incidence. The diseases are often concomitant with other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. Despite the disabling and prominent symptoms of ocular allergies, they are less well studied and further insights into the molecular basics are still required. To establish new therapeutic approaches and assess immunological mechanisms, animal models of ocular allergies have been developed in the past years. The major forms of allergic ocular diseases, seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis, each have different pathophysiological and immunological components. In contrast to these distinct entities, the current animal models are based on the sensitization against a small numbe...

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“…The incidence of allergic rhinitis in Taipei was higher than other reports, such as the 1.14% children and adults with perennial allergic rhinitis in a Korean report [8], 13.5% of Switzerland adults [9], 26.3 % of American college students [4]. In 1999, Nimmagadda and Evans [10] reported that the incidence of allergic rhinitis in children is increasing rapidly, roughly doubling over the past decade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%