All‐Slot‐Die‐Coated Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Conditions with Chlorine Additives

Abstract

The advent of halide perovskite permitted significant progress in the field of III generation photovoltaics (PV), demonstrating a rapid growth of power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 25.5% during the last decade. [1] This is mainly due to the peculiar properties of halide perovskites for photoelectric conversion: strong absorption in the visible region of the solar light spectrum, [2] defect tolerance, [3] big diffusion lengths of the charge carriers (>1 mm), [4] and tunability of the bandgap in the wide range (from 1.9 to 3.1 eV). [5] The improvement of perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance has been mainly driven by solution processing of the absorber films that allows simplifying the device fabrication at low temperature [6,7] by using various methods for the perovskite crystallization [8] and the control of morphology. [9] The cost-effective solution-based fabrication of the PSCs could be realized with various printing methods such as blade coating, [10,11] inkjet printing, [12] and slot-die, [13] which do not require the use of high vacuum and provide high throughput speed of production. Among the printing methods, the slot-die coating was considered as one of the most promising for upscale of the PSCs in sheetto-sheet and roll-to-roll fabrication. [13][14][15] This method of wet coating provides a high speed and large-area fabrication, [16] good film thickness control, highly uniform coating, and enables the effective ink consumption without materials loss during the deposition. [17,18] The upscaling of PSCs from lab-scale to large modules with an application of printing methods is a complex technological process that requires special fabrication conditions, including

Review of Defect Passivation for NiOx-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

“…In 2021, Le et al demonstrated that the use of Cl-containing additives MACl and FACl was essential for controllable crystallization of perovskite films. 138 Finally, the PCEs reached over 16% and 17% in the related MAPbI 3 and CsFAPbI 3 devices, respectively. Furthermore, minimodules (total effective area 2.1 cm 2 ) displayed a PCE of up to 14.9% (Figure 18e−g).…”

“…(g) J – V curves of the best-performing MAPbI 3 -based and CsFAPbI 3 -based solar cell modules with an active area of 2.1 cm 2 . Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 Wiley.…”

Preparation of Perovskite Solar Cells in the Air: Degradation Mechanism and Prospects on Large‐Area Fabrication†

“…Although the fabrication of perovskite solar cells in an air environment has achieved certain efficiencies in a short period of time, the high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells mainly rely on small‐area cells (< 1 cm 2 ), fabricated using a spin‐coating process, which limits the possibility of commercial large‐scale production of perovskite solar cells. [ 36‐39 ] Therefore, it is imperative to develop low‐cost and large‐area fabrication processes to make commercially viable PSCs in the ambient air. Moreover, these cells still face many obstacles before industrial application, such as hysteresis, heavy metal lead, ion migration, and long‐term stability.…”

Recent Progress in Large-Area Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules

“…According to the areas of PSMs, PSMs can be classified as minimodule (< 200 cm 2 ), submodule (200-800 cm 2 ), small module (800-6500 cm 2 ), standard module (6500-14,000 cm 2 ), and large module (> 14,000 cm 2 ) [28,34]. Various strategies have been developed to deposit large-area perovskite films with high quality, such as blade coating [35,36], slot-die coating [37,38], spray coating [39,40], and inkjet printing [41]. The PSM efficiencies have increased to over 20%, and the module areas have increased from tens to hundreds of square centimeters [34,42,43] (Fig.…”