All printed transparent electrodes through an electrical switching mechanism: A convincing alternative to indium-tin-oxide, silver and vacuum

Larsen-Olsen, Thue Trofod; Søndergaard, Roar R.; Norrman, Kion; Jørgensen, Mikkel; Krebs, Frederik C.

doi:10.1039/c2ee23244h

Cited by 99 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(44 reference statements)

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Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12][13][14] Larsen- Olsen et al showed that the use of high-conductive PEDOT:PSS with or without a preprocessed silver collecting grid can be used as a substitute for ITO in inverted structure devices and modules with good results. 12,14 By appliance of a short pulse at high negative bias to the solar cell, it is possible to electrochemically ''switch'' (reduce) a thin layer of the top PEDOT causing a permanent conductivity change rendering it a rectifying junction. Further studies on the use of different types of front grids in the same process were carried out by Yu et al showing that thermally embedded silver grids and flexo printed silver grids result in solar cells with similar efficiencies (slightly better for the embedded grid), whereas solar modules with inkjet printed silver front grid performed poorer, which was ascribed to the lower conductivity of the grid.…”

Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Søndergaard

Hösel

Krebs

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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949

743

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With the prospect of extremely fast manufacture of very low cost devices, organic electronics prepared by thin film processing techniques that are compatible with roll-toroll (R2R) methods are presently receiving an increasing interest. Several technologies using organic thin films are at the point, where transfer from the laboratory to a more production-oriented environment is within reach. In this review, we aim at giving an overview of some of the R2R-compatible techniques that can be used in such a transfer, as well the current status of R2R application within some of the existing research fields such as organic photovoltaics, organic thin film transistors, light-emitting diodes, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, and electrochromic devices.

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Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Krebs Et Al Introduced a New Fabrication Methods For All R2rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Søndergaard

Hösel

Krebs

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

Self Cite

949

743

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“…The actual mechanism leading to this shunting behavior is presently under discussion. 8,10 By applying a high reverse bias pulse the shunts can be eliminated and the device in most cases starts functioning. Shunting may be caused by the contact between the top and the bottom electrodes, 10 or due to a nonselective PEDOT(PSS) anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high work function of PEDOT(PSS) makes it a suitable anode without further modification. The work function of PEDOT(PSS) can be modified, converting it to a cathode electrode, e.g., by a layer of for example ZnO 8 or a thin layer of polyethyleneimine (PEI) 9 on top of PEDOT(PSS). Solution processable, flexible and semitransparent PEDOT(PSS) electrodes are thus a promising candidate for the upscaling and industrialization of OPV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

et al. 2018

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1Scalable production methods and low-cost materials with low embodied energy are key to success for organic solar cells. PEDOT (PSS) electrodes meet these criteria and allow for low-cost and all solution-processed solar cells. However, such devices are prone to shunting. In this work we introduce a roll-to-roll lamination method to construct semitransparent solar cells with a PEDOT(PSS) anode and an polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified PEDOT(PSS) cathode. We use the polymer:PCBM active layer coated on the electrodes as the lamination adhesive. Our lamination method efficiently eliminates any shunting. Extended exposure to ambient degrades the laminated devices, which manifests in a significantly reduced photocurrent extraction when the device is illuminated through the anode, despite the fact that the PEDOT(PSS) electrodes are optically equivalent. We show that degradation-induced electron traps lead to increased trap-assisted recombination at the anode side of the device. By limiting the exposure time to ambient during production, degradation is significantly reduced. We show that lamination using the active layer as the adhesive can result in device performance equal to that of conventional sequential coating.npj Flexible Electronics (2018) 2:4 ; doi:10.1038/s41528-017-0017-6 INTRODUCTIONThere is an urgent need to replace the present fossil-based energy production with sustainable energy sources. Thin-film solar cells and organic photovoltaics (OPV) in particular are technologies with a large potential to contribute to the energy transition due to very short energy payback times 1 and scalable production methods.2 The best devices approach 12% power conversion efficiency (PCE) 3 and due to improved OPV performance under low light-intensity conditions the yearly-average energy output is improved, reducing the competitive gap between OPV and silicon photovoltaics. Nevertheless, the OPV technology is not intended to compete with the high PCE of silicon-based solar cell installations but is instead targeted for entry markets that require the unique features of OPV, such as curved form factors enabled by flexible substrates, color tunability, semitransparency, low weight and the uniquely low energy payback times.To realize these advantages materials and production methods must be scalable with high throughput, such as roll-to-roll printing under ambient atmosphere. Vacuum-based processing, commonly used to deposit reflective (such as aluminum/chromium or silver) or transparent metal electrodes (indium tin oxide (ITO)), should ideally be avoided due to their high energy input.4 Indium in ITO is in addition too scarce to be a scalable alternative. Solution-processed electrodes have a significantly lower embodied energy and allow for the high speed printing needed for scalable production. To fully utilize the benefits of solution processing all layers in the device should be coated or printed.The use of semitransparent Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT(PSS) electrodes for both the anode

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“…So far, most studies on optoelectronic components have focused on the fabrication and performance of flexible transparent electrodes. [10][11][12][13][14][15] However, studies on the production, characterization, and application of other components such as transparent flexible resistors, heaters, and memories are rare. The development of transparent and flexible heaters with high performances is necessary for fabricating high-quality transparent flexible sensors for gases and particulate matters (PM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of convection phenomenon by high-performance transparent heater based on Pt-decorated Ni micromesh

Kim

et al. 2017

AIP Advances

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In this study, we report for the first time on the convection phenomenon for the consistent and sensitive detection of target materials (particulate matter (PM) or gases) with a high-performance transparent heater. The high-performance transparent heater, based on Pt-decorated Ni micromesh, was fabricated by a combination of transfer printing process and Pt sputtering. The resulting transparent heater exhibited excellent mechanical durability, adhesion with substrates, flexibility, and heat-generating performance. We monitored the changes in the PM concentration and temperature in an airtight chamber while operating the heater. The temperature in the chamber was increased slightly, and the PM2.5 concentration was increased by approximately 50 times relative to the initial state which PM is deposed in the chamber. We anticipate that our experimental findings will aid in the development and application of heaters for sensors and actuators as well as transparent electrodes and heating devices.

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All printed transparent electrodes through an electrical switching mechanism: A convincing alternative to indium-tin-oxide, silver and vacuum

Cited by 99 publications

References 24 publications

Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Roll‐to‐Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials

Asymmetric photocurrent extraction in semitransparent laminated flexible organic solar cells

Observation of convection phenomenon by high-performance transparent heater based on Pt-decorated Ni micromesh

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