All Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles Are Not Created Equal

Krauss, Ronald M.

doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.303458

Cited by 48 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Among modifiable CVD risk biomarkers, LDL-C and blood pressure have been the most strongly validated (110), and despite the complexity of individual risk assessment, they provide the major rationale for therapies aimed at reducing disease risk. As noted above, however, and described further below, reliance on identifying dietary macronutrient effects on LDL-C may obscure effects on LDL particles, especially sdLDL, that may have more direct and specific effects on the development and progression of CVD (93). …”

Section: Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Siri-Tarino¹,

Chiu²,

et al. 2015

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The effects of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are modulated by the nutrients that replace them and their food matrices. Replacement of SFAs with polyunsaturated fatty acids has been associated with reduced CVD risk, although there is heterogeneity in both fatty acid categories. In contrast, replacement of SFAs with carbohydrates, particularly sugar, has been associated with no improvement or even a worsening of CVD risk, at least in part through effects on atherogenic dyslipidemia, a cluster of traits including small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles. The effects of dietary SFAs on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, vascular function, and thrombosis are less clear. There is growing evidence that SFAs in the context of dairy foods, particularly fermented dairy products, have neutral or inverse associations with CVD. Overall dietary patterns emphasizing vegetables, fish, nuts, and whole versus processed grains form the basis of heart-healthy eating and should supersede a focus on macronutrient composition.

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Section: Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Siri-Tarino¹,

Chiu²,

et al. 2015

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“…Obesity is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (2). One obesity-associated CVD risk factor is increased concentration of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (3). Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome are known to be associated with higher incidence of the small dense LDL phenotype (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in low-density lipoprotein size phenotypes associate with changes in apolipoprotein C-III glycoforms after dietary interventions

Mendoza

Trenchevska

King³

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical Lipidology

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Background The presence of small dense LDL is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is involved in the formation of small dense LDL, but the exact mechanisms are still not well defined. ApoC-III is a glycosylated apolipoprotein, with three major glycoforms: apoC-III0, apoC-III1, and apoC-III2 that contain zero, one, or two molecules of sialic acid, respectively. In our previous work, we reported an association among apoC-III0 and apoC-III1, but not apoC-III2 with fasting plasma triglyceride levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Objective The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between changes in the major apoC-III glycoforms and small dense LDL levels after dietary interventions. Methods Mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) was performed on fasting plasma samples from 61 subjects who underwent either a high carbohydrate diet (n=34) or a weight loss intervention (n=27). Results After both dietary interventions, changes in total apoC-III concentrations were associated with changes in LDL peak particle diameter (r= −0.58, p<0.0001). Increases in total apoC-III concentrations following the high carbohydrate diet were associated with decreases in LDL size (r= −0.53, p=0.001), and decreases in apoC-III concentrations following weight loss were associated with increases in LDL peak particle diameter (r= −0.54, p=0.004). Changes in concentrations of apoC-III1 and apoC-III0, but not apoC-III2, were associated with changes in LDL peak particle diameter in both the weight loss and high carbohydrate interventions. Conclusion We conclude that apoC-III0 and apoC-III1, but not apoC-III2 are associated with the formation of small dense LDL.

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“…Variation in the concentration and size of lipoprotein particles (P), particularly LDL-P and HDL-P, has an impact on their function and relationship to atherosclerosis development [11,12]. Individuals who have normal concentrations of cholesterol that are distributed in small, dense LDL-P may be at increased risk of coronary heart disease [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women

et al. 2016

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The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend twice weekly fish intake. Farmed Atlantic salmon is a good source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids which have positive lipid modifying effects; however, it is unknown whether these responses are dose-dependent. Our primary research objective was to determine the effect of dose-dependent intake of farmed Atlantic salmon on lipoprotein particle (P) size and concentration. We hypothesized that low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-P and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-P size and concentration would increase with salmon intake in a dose-dependent manner. Overweight, adult participants (n = 19) were enrolled in a cross-over designed clinical trial evaluating intake of farmed Atlantic salmon. In random order, participants were assigned to 90, 180, or 270 g of salmon twice weekly for 4-week dietary treatments. Following a 4- to 8-week washout, participants crossed over to another dose of fish intake until all treatments were completed. Plasma lipid concentrations were determined and serum lipoprotein concentrations and particle size were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Intake of salmon reduced plasma and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and increased plasma HDL-C concentrations. The concentrations of large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-P and chylomicron (CM)-P were reduced. Large LDL-P concentrations were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The mean size of VLDL-P was reduced and that of LDL was increased. Total TG was reduced as was the TG content of VLDL-P and CM-P. Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon portions influences lipoprotein particle size and concentration in a manner associated with cardiovascular disease risk reduction.

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All Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles Are Not Created Equal

Cited by 48 publications

References 35 publications

Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Changes in low-density lipoprotein size phenotypes associate with changes in apolipoprotein C-III glycoforms after dietary interventions

Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women

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