Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women

Abstract

The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend twice weekly fish intake. Farmed Atlantic salmon is a good source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids which have positive lipid modifying effects; however, it is unknown whether these responses are dose-dependent. Our primary research objective was to determine the effect of dose-dependent intake of farmed Atlantic salmon on lipoprotein particle (P) size and concentration. We hypothesized that low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-P and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-P size and concentration would increase with salmon intake in a dose-dependent manner. Overweight, adult participants (n = 19) were enrolled in a cross-over designed clinical trial evaluating intake of farmed Atlantic salmon. In random order, participants were assigned to 90, 180, or 270 g of salmon twice weekly for 4-week dietary treatments. Following a 4- to 8-week washout, participants crossed over to another dose of fish intake until all treatments were completed. Plasma lipid concentrations were determined and serum lipoprotein concentrations and particle size were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Intake of salmon reduced plasma and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and increased plasma HDL-C concentrations. The concentrations of large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-P and chylomicron (CM)-P were reduced. Large LDL-P concentrations were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The mean size of VLDL-P was reduced and that of LDL was increased. Total TG was reduced as was the TG content of VLDL-P and CM-P. Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon portions influences lipoprotein particle size and concentration in a manner associated with cardiovascular disease risk reduction.

Repeat dose NRPT (nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene) increases NAD+ levels in humans safely and sustainably: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

“…As an example, omega-3-fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol via increases in particle size, but may be beneficial for cardiovascular health. 31 , 32 Determination of apoB and apoC3 levels may shed light on this question. Another possibility for the small increases in cholesterol relates to the known function of SIRT1 in promoting reverse cholesterol transport from cells.…”

Intake of Fatty Fish Alters the Size and the Concentration of Lipid Components of HDL Particles and Camelina Sativa Oil Decreases IDL Particle Concentration in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism

“…In addition to our studies, there are only three previous trials investigating the effect of fish intake using NMR lipoprotein data. In these studies, high fish intake had no significant effect on HDL particle size . However, these studies had small sample sizes and in two of these studies the fish consumed was either partly or entirely lean fish .…”

“…There are only a few intervention studies that have examined the effect of fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses, especially in individuals at high risk of developing CVD . In these studies, fish intake has been reported to decrease the size and concentrations VLDL particles and increase the size and concentrations of HDL particles and lipid components in the particles as compared with control diets.…”

Structural Elucidation of Irish Organic Farmed Salmon (Salmo salar) Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Activities

“…Marine oils have exhibited strong cardioprotective properties as has been extensively reviewed [ 24 ]. Thus, several dietary guidelines (i.e., The US Dietary Guidelines) and healthy dietary patterns (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) recommend fish intake at least twice weekly [ 3 , 11 , 25 ]. Intake of farmed Atlantic salmon twice weekly influences lipoprotein particle size, decreases serum concentrations of triglycerides, and increases HDL cholesterol in a manner associated with CVD risk reduction [ 26 , 27 ].…”