All Eyes on Visible‐Light Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Read‐Out Systems

Abstract

Chemiluminescence (CL) reactions have been widely employed and explored over the past 50 years because they offer unique light emission upon a defined chemical stimulus. In this Minireview, we focus on peroxyoxalate (PO) compounds because they feature very high quantum yields tuneable over the entire visible spectrum, allowing for visible‐light detection by the naked eye without the necessity for expensive analytical instruments. Although analytical methods have been extensively described, PO‐CL read‐out is a strongly emerging field with ample industrial potential. The state‐of‐the‐art PO‐CL detection read‐out systems for various key analytes is here explored. In particular, structural requirements, recent developments of PO‐CL read‐out probes and current limitations of selected examples are detailed. Furthermore, innovative approaches and synthetic routes to push the boundaries of PO‐CL reactions into biological systems are highlighted. Underpinned by recent contributions, we share perspectives on embedding PO‐CL molecules into polymeric materials, which they consider the next step in designing high performance solid‐phase read‐out systems.

Ultrasound-Enhanced Chemiluminescence for Bioimaging

“…The TCPO system have been used to detect the protein labeled 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone (MDPF) (Salerno and Daban, 2003). Another disadvantage of this material is the poor stability of the compound in water or aqueous solutions since partial water hydrolysis results in the decomposition by decarboxylation and decarbonylation, limiting its application in diagnostics (Delafresnaye et al, 2019). Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (POCL) has also found wide applications in detecting hydrogen peroxide-forming enzymes namely cholesterol oxidase, uricase, xanthine oxidase, glucose oxidase, and choline oxidase (Nozaki and Kawamoto, 2003).…”

Untapped toolbox of luminol based polymers

“…Nature offers a variety of bioluminogenic systems [10][11][12] (such as fireflies, 13 jellyfish 14 and squids), 15 whereas purely organic and nonbiological chemiluminogens are rare. The frequently-employed synthetic chemiluminogens 16 can be categorized mainly into three groups as oxalate esters (Scheme 1A), 17 dioxetanes (Scheme 1B) 18 and 5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (luminol) 19,20 derivatives (Scheme 1C). Nevertheless, a literature survey reveals that luminol derivatives that are characterized by blue light emission (λ close to 425 nm) upon oxidative conditions remain as one of the most attractive chemiluminogens, as the covalent conjugation of oxalate esters is generally difficult to achieve.…”

The Vibrant Interplay of Light and Self‐Reporting Macromolecular Architectures

“…In a similar manner to biological components, which usually serve more than one purpose, light as direct output of a chemical reaction, that is, CL, [ 13,14 ] offers also a self‐reporting characteristic. Particularly with high sensitivity resulting from no need of an external light source, CL can reduce light scattering, improve signal‐to noise ratio and detection sensitivity, and expand the linear dynamic range.…”