Alkyl polyglycoside, a highly promising adjuvant in intranasal split influenza vaccines

Abstract

Influenza viral infections are significant global public health concerns due to the morbidity and mortality associated with acute respiratory disease, secondary complications, and pandemic threats; thus, continuous efforts have been made to develop potent influenza vaccines. In this study, 3 different mucosal adjuvants-alkyl polyglycoside (APG), gellan gum, and chitosan (CS)-were evaluated for their efficacy in intranasal A/H1N1 or B split influenza vaccines administered to BALB/c mice. Protective immunity was monitored by serum analysis for IgG, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and neutralizing antibody levels, as well as mucosal IgA levels in nasal and pulmonary lavage fluids. Survival, body weight, lung viral titer, and pulmonary immunopathology were also examined following lethal influenza challenge. Notably, all adjuvants amplified the IgG and IgA immune responses (not detected in immunization of influenza B) and increased survival rate compared with controls administered adjuvantfree intranasal vaccines. Alternatively, intramuscular immunization stimulated IgG production, but had no effect on IgA levels. Our collective analysis identified that APG was the most effective intranasal adjuvant, as all mice survived influenza challenge with limited body weight loss, viral titer, and pulmonary pathology, similar to those observed with intramuscular vaccination. This evidence supports that APG can elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity, and may be an effective adjuvant in intranasal split influenza A/H1N1 and B vaccines.

Solution Properties of Alkyl β‐D‐Maltosides

“…Apart from an excellent performance in terms of surface tension, foamability, and detergency, APG are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and low-toxic surfactants. Thereby, they can be used for various applications such as drug carriers, intranasal adjuvants, silk degumming agents, and in oil recovery and sludge anaerobic fermentation (Ahmad et al, 2014;Faramarzi et al, 2017;Karam et al, 2017;Wang and Zhang, 2017;Wu et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2017).…”

Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease

“…Gellan gum is an acidic polysaccharide made of repeating tetrasaccharide units, produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas elodeu [12,13,14]. It is commonly used in food production, as an emulsifier to thicken products and make them more homogenized, as well as an industrial lubricant [14].…”

“…Intranasal administration of a live attenuated pathogen stimulates both systemic and mucosal responses, leading to a profound and robust protective immunity, but it has the potential for undesirable adverse effects, particularly in younger children and weakened individuals, leading to safety concerns [11]. Additionally, intranasal formulations have retention issues because, unlike injectable vaccines, they have the potential to leak out of the nose and fail to cause their intended effect [12,13,14]. Despite possible side effects, intranasal delivery of vaccines is an attractive route due to the high permeability of the respiratory region of the nose.…”

“…Biopolymers have the best biocompatibility and degradability rates among all biomedical materials, but they can be engineered to ensure the protection of various bioactive molecules, such as antigens and drugs against degradation and defective biointeraction [18]. Biopolymers are also used as drug delivery systems, and as mucoadhesives to aid in the issue of poor retention of medications and antigens in the nasal cavity [9,12,13,14]. The most important particularities and advantages of biopolymers for the design of vaccines are included in Table 1.…”

Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections

“…The use of biopolymers in mucosally-administered vaccines has substantially improved the current vaccine formulations and has great potential for the future (204). Some of the presently investigated biopolymers include alginate (205)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210)(211)(212) and gellan (213,214). Although these are still in early stages of study, other biopolymers, such as chitosan (95-97, 215-232), starch (233), and β-glucan (234-241), have already been tested in animal trials with encouraging success.…”