Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease

Abstract

Communicable respiratory infections are the cause of a significant number of infectious diseases. The introduction of vaccinations has greatly improved this situation. Moreover, adjuvants have allowed for vaccines to be more effective with fewer adverse side effects. However, there is still space for improvement because while the more common injected formulations induce a systematic immunity, they do not confer the mucosal immunity needed for more thorough prevention of the spread of respiratory disease. Intranasal formulations provide systemic and mucosal immune protection, but they have the potential for more serious side effects and a less robust immune response. This review looks at seven different adjuvants—chitosan, starch, alginate, gellan, β-glucan, emulsan and hyaluronic acid—and their prospective ability to improve intranasal vaccines as adjuvants and antigen delivery systems.

Chitosan Nanoparticles: Shedding Light on Immunotoxicity and Hemocompatibility

“…Chit has been granted FDA Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) designation (GRN n • 73,170,397 and 443) and is widely used in dietary supplements (U.S. FDA, 2019a) as well as in medical devices, such as wound dressings and gels (U.S. FDA, 2019b). Chit is known for its mucoadhesive properties and its ability to stimulate cells of the immune system, which supports the value of investigating Chit NPs as vaccine adjuvants (Dedloff et al, 2019). For this purpose, it has long been used by the group with various antigens, such as the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (Borges et al, 2008;Lebre et al, 2016;Jesus et al, 2017Jesus et al, , 2018Soares et al, 2018a,b;Bento et al, 2019), the protective antigen (PA) from anthrax (Bento et al, 2015) or antigens from Schistosoma mansoni (Oliveira et al, 2012).…”

Chitosan-TiO2: A Versatile Hybrid Composite

“…Currently, there is a special interest in combining natural polymers such as chitosan (CS) with inorganic materials like titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) to obtain hybrid composites (CS-TiO 2 ) with beneficial properties [3][4][5][6].Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer (linear polysaccharide comprising 1-4 linked 2-amino-deoxy-β-D-glucan) generally obtained by deacetylation of chitin, the main structural component of crustacean exoskeletons. CS exhibits a poly-cationic character and is non-toxic and biodegradable [7]. CS is considered a biological functional compound with multiple interesting properties.…”

“…CS is considered a biological functional compound with multiple interesting properties. It can form films for food and pharmaceutical applications, including edible coatings, packaging material, or as drug-eluting carrier [5,7]. Its adsorbent capacity can have environmental applications during photocatalytic processes of waste-water treatment [8], and it also has inherent antibacterial and antifungal properties [9].…”

“…Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer (linear polysaccharide comprising 1-4 linked 2-amino-deoxy-β-D-glucan) generally obtained by deacetylation of chitin, the main structural component of crustacean exoskeletons. CS exhibits a poly-cationic character and is non-toxic and biodegradable [7]. CS is considered a biological functional compound with multiple interesting properties.…”

Induction of mucosal immunity against pathogens by using recombinant baculoviral vectors: Mechanisms, advantages, and limitations

“…62,63 Each delivery system has advantages and limitations regarding immunogenicity, safety, stability, and difficulties for their production (Table 1). 1,64,65 Most of these systems employ either bacterial enterotoxins or TLR ligands as adjuvants. 66 Recombinant viral and bacterial vectors are very immunogenic and capable of breaching the tolerogenic microenvironment of mucosae.…”