Alkaline phosphatase activity in airway fluid obtained by tracheal wash from adult horses

Viscardi, Vanessa; Jorge, Maria Luisa L. A.; Silva, Katia M.; Sad, Eliene Porto; Fonseca, Ana Beatriz Monteiro; Alencar, Nayro Xavier de; Lessa, Daniel Augusto Barroso

doi:10.1111/vcp.12360

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…In addition, a decrease in BALF ALP enzyme activity has been reported in chronic IAD cases due to the decrease in type II cell function in horses [14]. In the light of these evaluations, in our study, high ALP enzyme activities in the experimental groups were interpreted as an indicator of type II cell damage along with neutrophil influx [2,11,14,27] and lower levels of ALP enzyme in S-LAD group than NS-LAD group may be explained as loss and/or damage of type II cell functions [14]. In addition, the fact that TW LDH enzyme activity was higher in the S-LAD group than the NS-LAD group due to it's role in bacterial etiology [13] was interpreted that this enzyme activity could be used in the differential diagnosis of septic and non-septic LAD cases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…According to the authors, ALP and LDH enzyme activities could be considered as pointers to pulmonary inflammation and/or damage. In another previous study ALP level in TW fluid of horses was found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) between healthy control and asymptomatic lower respiratory tract inflammation groups [27]. Art et al [1] claimed that myeloperoxidase activity was found to be significantly higher in BALFs of horses experimentally exposed to moldy hay and diagnosed as reccurent airway obstruction (RAO) than healthy control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These results have supported the opinions [6,8,9,17] association with increased LDH levels due to neutrophil lysis, cell damage and death. The increase of TW fluid ALP activity in horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation was reported that neutrophil immigration [11,27]. On the other hand, increase in ALP enzyme activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in humans and rats has been shown as a marker of type II pneumocyte proliferation and pulmonary inflammation [2,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALP and LDH increase were also induced by elevated leucocytes particularly neutrophil activity in different pathological conditions including bacterial, viral infections and malignancy in humans [6,9,17]. ALP activity was found to be higher in asymptomatic lower airway inflammation compared with healthy controls in horses [27]. In dogs ALP and LDH activities significantly increased in bronchopneumonia group [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Mete

İnal

Maden

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Diagnosis of the lower airway diseases (LAD) in horses relies on clinical signs, endoscopic examination and cytologic evaluation of lower respiratory tract flushing fluids as well. Specific enzyme activities in respiratory tract fluids of horses could be used as useful indicators in lower airway disorders. The main goal of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activites in tracheal wash (TW) fluids of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation and/or damage and also in distinguishing of non-septic and septic inflammation in racehorses with LAD.Materials, Methods & Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in racehorses. TW fluid samples were obtained from 83 racehorses (71 with lower airway diseases and 12 healthy controls) for the study. The One-Way ANOVA Test was used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups in showing the normal distribution of blood serum ALP and LDH properties. Kruskal Wallis H Test and Tamhane T2 test were used for the significance analysis of the differences between the groups of tracheal ALP and LDH properties, which were not normally distributed. The sampled horses were classified into 3 groups as healthy control, non septic neutrophilic inflammation (NS-LAD) and septic neutrophilic inflammation (S-LAD) according to the tracheal mucus scores determined during endoscopic examination, clinical signs, cytologic and bacteriologic examination of collected TW samples. According to cytology results normal neutrophil levels (< 20%) were determined in the heatlhy control group (14.5%). However, increased neutrophil levels (≥ 20% and ≥ 80%) were encountered in the NS-LAD (61.4%) and S-LAD (24.1%) groups respectively. Also, the signs of degenerative changes and presence of intracellular bacteria in the neutrophil cells in the S-LAD group was observed. Bacteriologic analysis of the samples revealed Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most prevalent agent (85.6%) followed by Escherichia coli (4.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8%). ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid were found to be significantly higher in racehorses with LAD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.01). On the other hand, a significant difference was also determined for LDH levels between NS-LAD and S-LAD cases determining with cytological and bacteriological examination (P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between NS-LAD and S-LAD group. Serum ALP and LDH levels of racehorses revealed no significant difference between each study groups.Discussion: Respiratory system diseases have been known to be one of the main causes of training disruption and interruption of racing events in racehorses. Specifically, LAD is the most frequently diagnosed disorder in racehorses evaluated for poor performance. In the present study established for determining the usefulness of ALP and LDH enzyme levels in the TW samples of horses with lower respiratory tract inflammatory disorders. It was concluded that ALP and LDH enzyme activities of TW fluid could be considered as indicators of pulmonary inflammation and/or damage and LDH enzyme activity is thought to be useful in distinguishing neutrophilic non-septic and septic pulmonary inflammation in racehorses with LAD. On the other hand, data obtained from the study indicated that TW fluid ALP activity was not enough statistically to differenatiate horses with non-septic and septic lower airway inflammation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Mete

İnal

Maden

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Finally, alkaline phosphatase was higher in the TW of horses with lower airway inflammation (18.9 ± 11.2 × 103 U/L) than in healthy horses (10.3 ± 5.9 × 103 U/L) (P =.021). This finding must be further studied, but the authors asserted that it was possible to identify the early stages of airway inflammation using such biochemical investigations (Viscardi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Microbiologic and Biochemical Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine asthma in Brazil – a scoping review

Oliveira

Michelotto

Fernandes

et al. 2022

RSD

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that can occur in horses of different breeds and ages. While its occurrence has been reported in many countries, its occurrence across Brazil is unclear. This review aimed to gather information about equine asthma from studies performed in Brazil by different groups and investigate a variety of horse populations. Articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as information contained in dissertations and theses, were searched on PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, and the Brazilian government catalog of dissertations and theses. Fifteen studies were included in this review, and according to the published information, the authors identified equine asthma using clinical signs, endoscopic findings, and/or cytological examination of tracheal wash and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Studies have investigated horses of different breeds and activities (racehorses, police horses, riding horses, Crioulos horses, and others) and were performed in different regions with diverse climatic conditions. On the previous observed studies, the occurrence varied from 14.0% to 60.0%, with a mean occurrence of 24% for severe asthma. Other studies must be performed to further understand the occurrence of equine asthma in Brazil, according to different climatic regions.

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Highly mucus permeating and zeta potential changing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: A potent gene delivery model for causal treatment of cystic fibrosis

Griesser¹,

Hetényi²,

Federer³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Alkaline phosphatase activity in airway fluid obtained by tracheal wash from adult horses

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Enzymatic Markers of Pulmonary Inflammation in Tracheal Wash Fluid in Racehorses: Alkaline Phosphatase and Lactate Dehydrogenase

Equine asthma in Brazil – a scoping review

Highly mucus permeating and zeta potential changing self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: A potent gene delivery model for causal treatment of cystic fibrosis

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