Alkaline Flooding

Sheng, James J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386545-8.00006-3

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For efficient ASP flooding, a reduced amount of alkali is used for a high acid number of crude oil [30]. The emulsification effect and viscosity enhancement make ASP flooding more effective [31]. Besides entrainment and emulsification, wettability reversal takes place due to a change in relative permeability which alters wettability [32].…”

Section: Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (Asp) Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pilot area of the reservoir is 193 acres, further sectioned into three areas, namely, central (93 acres), northern (59 acres), and southern (41 acres). The central area consists of two brackets of 4 injection wells and 11 producing wells, while the northern and the southern areas consist of 6 producing wells [31].…”

Section: Alkaline Flooding-field Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of this flooding, the water production for these wells dropped to an average rate of 6000 bbl/day. Table 4 shows Wilmington field formation and fluid properties [31,56,65]. The Shengli oil field is in China and considered to be one of the oldest and largest fields in China.…”

Section: Alkaline Flooding-field Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review of Alkaline Flooding: Mechanism, Hybrid Flooding Methods, Laboratory Work, Pilot Projects, and Field Applications

2022

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Over time, the dependence on oil has increased to meet industrial and domestic needs. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques in this regard have captured immense growth as EOR is not only used to increase the oil recovery but also to augment the sweep efficiency. Several techniques over the past decades have been used to improve oil recovery with cost-effectiveness. Cost-effective alkaline flooding has been effective for those oil reservoirs with a high total acid number. In this review, the significance of alkaline flooding has been discussed in detail, as well as the features of alkaline flooding in comparison to other modes of flooding. This review entails (1) alkaline flooding, (2) hybrid modes of injection, (3) experimental work, (4) pilot projects, (5) screening criteria, and (6) field applications. The findings of this study can help increase the understanding of alkaline flooding and provide a holistic view of the hybrid modes of flooding.

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Section: Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (Asp) Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Alkaline Flooding-field Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review of Alkaline Flooding: Mechanism, Hybrid Flooding Methods, Laboratory Work, Pilot Projects, and Field Applications

2022

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“…In reality, prior to Si-NF injection, the formation is preflushed with water, usually with low saline water (Figure 1a). The preflush is designed to displace away from the wellbore formation brines that contain several ions, including potassium, sodium, and calcium [1,40,41]. In doing so, the crystallization of alkali-fluosilicates is lowered and formation damage is mitigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The change of the Si-NF's surface chemistry might cause a liquid-liquid interaction (IFT between Si-NF and crude oil), liquid-solid interaction (Si-NF and porous media in The preflush is designed to displace away from the wellbore formation brines that contain several ions, including potassium, sodium, and calcium [1,40,41]. In doing so, the crystallization of alkali-fluosilicates is lowered and formation damage is mitigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study of the Influence of the Preflush Salinity on Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Silica-Based Nanofluids

et al. 2021

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The underlying effect of preflush salinity and silica nanofluid (Si-NF) on oil production is examined. The influence of salinity on the stability of Si-NFs is studied. A series of sand-pack floodings evaluating oil production was conducted at different concentrations of preflush salinity (0 to 4 wt.%), followed by the injection of a Si-NF (0.5 wt.%) at the trail of which postflush water was injected. The effluent water and solids were collected and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle measurements were conducted on the Si-NF in the presence of salinity to confirm the effect. The Si-NF became unstable and formed precipitate in the presence of salinity. The sand-pack flooding showed that when the preflush salinity was increased, the displacement efficiency (ED) using the Si-NF and postflush injection was increased (ED = 44%). The XRF of the precipitated effluent revealed that the preflush salinity and Si-NF caused mineral leaching, which triggered pore clogging. The IFT value reduced from 13.3 to 8.2 mN/m, and the wettability was altered to be more strongly water-wet when the salinity increased. The primary mechanisms of oil recovery using the Si-NF after preflush salinity is attributed mainly to the clogging mechanism. This clogging helps block the high-perm area, shift the fluid flow to the oil-trapped zone, and free the oil out. Other contribution mechanisms are IFT reduction and wettability alteration.

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How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three‐Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts

Salager

Antón

Arandia

et al. 2017

J Surfact & Detergents

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In enhanced oil recovery, not only the low‐tension performance, but also the robustness at optimum formulation is an important issue. The fourth part of our review series is dedicated to robustness, defined as the width of the zone exhibiting three‐phase behavior around the optimum formulation, whatever the scanned variable. It is first corroborated from a screening of the available data in the literature that the tension minimum is inversely proportional to the square of the three‐phase range in the HLD scale. However, since there is still an inaccuracy of about a factor 10 in the tension minimum, some significant improvement can be attained in some cases by increasing the three‐phase behavior width in two ways. The first approach consists of finding systems that are insensitive to some formulation variable such as temperature, surfactant mixture composition or concentration, and water‐to‐oil ratio. The second way is to produce an artifact through which the optimum formulation is produced twice in a scan. If the distance between the two events in the scan is reduced down to be zero, their corresponding three‐phase behavior zones merge and result in a wider WIII region with a low tension. Several cases of such events are reported: alkaline scans, anionic‐nonionic and anionic‐cationic mixture changes, linear change in composition in three‐surfactant mixture, partial precipitation from a surfactant mixture in a salinity scan, and excessive partitioning of polyethoxylated nonionics. More complex transitions with three effects in a single scan or three concomitantly scanned variables show even more possibilities in practice.

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Alkaline Flooding

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

A Critical Review of Alkaline Flooding: Mechanism, Hybrid Flooding Methods, Laboratory Work, Pilot Projects, and Field Applications

A Critical Review of Alkaline Flooding: Mechanism, Hybrid Flooding Methods, Laboratory Work, Pilot Projects, and Field Applications

An Experimental Study of the Influence of the Preflush Salinity on Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Silica-Based Nanofluids

How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three‐Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts

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