Alimentary Canal: Anatomy, Regulation of Feeding, and Motility

Duke, G. E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_11

Cited by 92 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The gizzard is a muscular organ that reduces the particle size of ingested foods and mixes them with digestive enzymes (Duke, 1986). The inclusion of whole wheat, coarse ground maize, oat hulls, barley hulls, and wood shavings in poultry diets have been demonstrated to modify the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting in increased gizzard weights (Svihus, 2011), as coarse feed particles need to be ground to a certain critical size before they can exit the gizzard (Svihus, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Whole Grain Paddy Rice Feeding on the Colonization of <i>Campylobacter jejuni </i>in the Cecum of Broiler Chicks

Nishii¹,

Yasutomi²,

Sone

2015

J. Poult. Sci.

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To examine the inhibitory effect of whole grain paddy rice diet (WPR) feeding on the colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in the cecum of broiler chicks, we performed the following examination. Sixty female broiler chicks (14 days of age) were allocated into two groups, thirty birds were fed a ground corn diet (GC) as a control group, and 30 chicks were fed WPR as an examination group. After feeding with the different diets for 16 days, six chicks were selected from each group (12 chicks in total), and each chick was inoculated with 2×10 3 colony-forming units of C. jejuni GTC03263. Forty-eight hours after the bacterial inoculation (the birds continued to be fed with the corresponding diets after the bacterial inoculation), the chicks (six from each group) were killed and dissected to detect bacterial colonization in the cecum. The other six chicks were dissected to weigh the chick gizzard and to measure the pH of its contents. No bacterial colonization was observed in the cecum of chicks in the WPR group, whereas bacteria were found in the cecum of five of six chicks in the GC group. The average ratios of gizzard weight to body weight of the WPR-fed chicks was significantly higher than that of the GC-fed chicks, whereas the average pH value of the gizzard contents was not different between the two groups. These results suggest that WPR feeding in broiler chicks has a positive effect on development of the gizzard muscle and grinding activity of the gizzard. Increased grinding activity may eliminate the regional differences in pH within the gizzard, resulting in less bacterial survival in the gizzard and then less bacterial colonization in the cecum of WPR-fed chicks than in GC-fed chicks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Whole Grain Paddy Rice Feeding on the Colonization of <i>Campylobacter jejuni </i>in the Cecum of Broiler Chicks

Nishii¹,

Yasutomi²,

Sone

2015

J. Poult. Sci.

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“…On the other hand, anatomical differences in the lower digestive tracts of chickens and humans may affect the availability of fermentable substrates. Unlike the human colon, the cecum has villi at its entrance that act as a mesh, allowing only fluid and fine particles smaller than 200 nm in diameter to enter (16). The substrates available in the chicken cecum consist mainly of water-soluble carbohydrates and peptides and extra uric acid refluxed from the cloaca to the cecum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher-Level Production of Volatile Fatty Acids In Vitro by Chicken Gut Microbiotas than by Human Gut Microbiotas as Determined by Functional Analyses

Fang

Yin

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the composition and function of gut microbiota. Here, we compared the bacterial compositions and fermentation metabolites of human and chicken gut microbiotas. Results generated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3 region showed the compositions of human and chicken microbiotas to be markedly different, with chicken cecal microbiotas displaying more diversity than human fecal microbiotas. The nutrient requirements of each microbiota growing under batch and chemostat conditions were analyzed. The results showed that chicken cecal microbiotas required simple sugars and peptides to maintain balanced growth in vitro but that human fecal microbiotas preferred polysaccharides and proteins. Chicken microbiotas also produced higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids than did human microbiotas. Our data suggest that the availability of different fermentable substrates in the chicken cecum, which exist due to the unique anatomical structure of the cecum, may provide an environment favorable to the nourishment of microbiotas suited to the production of the higher-energy metabolites required by the bird. Therefore, gut structure, nutrition, immunity, and life-style all contribute to the selection of an exclusive bacterial community that produces types of metabolites beneficial to the host.

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“…While a stone in a gizzard is subject to strongly fluctuating forces from defined directions [direct and lateral compression created by regular contraction pattern of two pairs of muscles (Duke 1986b;Ziswiler & Farner 1972)], a stone in a rock tumbler is in constant movement, by uplift in the grooves of the rubber-lined drum and a short fall once the position in the groove becomes unstable. The total forces in the tumbler are thus probably much weaker and more equally distributed than in a gizzard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simulated bird gastric mill and its implications for fossil gastrolith authenticity

Wings

2009

Fossil Record

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Alimentary Canal: Anatomy, Regulation of Feeding, and Motility

Cited by 92 publications

References 101 publications

Inhibitory Effect of Whole Grain Paddy Rice Feeding on the Colonization of <i>Campylobacter jejuni </i>in the Cecum of Broiler Chicks

Inhibitory Effect of Whole Grain Paddy Rice Feeding on the Colonization of <i>Campylobacter jejuni </i>in the Cecum of Broiler Chicks

Higher-Level Production of Volatile Fatty Acids In Vitro by Chicken Gut Microbiotas than by Human Gut Microbiotas as Determined by Functional Analyses

A simulated bird gastric mill and its implications for fossil gastrolith authenticity

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