Alignment-Free Analyses of Nucleic Acid Sequences Using Graphical Representation (with Special Reference to Pandemic Bird Flu and Swine Flu)

Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review

“…On the other hand, Influenza C virus infections generally result in mild sickness and are not deemed responsible for widespread human outbreaks. In contrast, Influenza D viruses primarily impact cattle, occasionally spilling over to affect other animals, yet lacking the propensity to induce illness in humans [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] . Influenza mostly causes mild infection of the upper respiratory tract [39] .…”

“… Sr. No. Vaccines Category Vaccine Candidates Under Clinical Trials Reference 1 HA protein-based vaccine HA Rosettes, HA nanoparticles, VLP + Matrix-MTM adjuvant HA stem or head-stem chimeraFlu Blok (recombinant) Monoglycosylated HA- a universal flu vaccine candidate, with conserved domain [32] , [35] , [91] 2 Epitope-peptides based vaccine (NA or HA based vaccines) HA, NP, M1 peptides FLU-V MVA-vectored NP + M1 vaccine [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [97] , [98] , [53] , [156] 3 Live attenuated virus vaccine CodaVaxFluMist (AstraZeneca) M2SRFluenz Tetra (licensed)M2-deficient single replication virus (targeting B cells) Approved vaccines A/Len/134/17/57, A/Len/134/47/57, B/USSR/60/69, A/Ann Arbor/6/60, B/Ann Arbor/1/66 [35] , [35] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [157] , [158] 4 Nucleic acid-based vaccine Vaccines candidates belonging to DNA and Mrna targeting HA Nabs DNA based- mucosal influenza vaccines – FluMist [17] , [109] , [122] , [123] , [124] , [159] , [160] 5 Virus like particles-based vaccines (recombinant technology) M2e5x VLP vaccinesM2 VLP-supplemented inactiv...…”

“…Such genetic variations cause the frightening possibility of H5N1 avian flu causing viruses to gain the function of transmissibility between humans. Similarly, the rise of other avian influenza virus H5N1 (bird flu), H1N1 (swine flu) and H3N2 have caused significant health burden [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] . Thus making it pertinent for the scientific community to control their further spread and confine their proliferation among humans through the development of appropriate therapeutics against different strains [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] .…”

In Ovo Antiviral Screening of Cholistani Plants Against Swine Influenza Virus and Confirmation Through Real Time PCR

“…The important factors involved in SIV transmission is inhalation or ingestion of droplets containing virus produced through sneezing or coughing by infected individual (Kaur & Kaushik, 2018). It is most likely to be expected that 3 to 5 million cases of H1N1 arise globally every year, and ¼ -½ million deaths occur due to this disease (Nandy et al, 2018). For regular screening commercially available kits should be used for SIV testing.…”