Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis

Marr, John S.; Calisher, Charles H.

doi:10.3201/eid0912.030288

Cited by 46 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…At the age of 32, in the height of his power and glory, he was brought down... by a mosquito. According to recent speculations, Alexander the Great may have died as a result of infection by West Nile virus [1]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Integrated System for Public Health Monitoring of West Nile Virus (ISPHM-WNV): a real-time GIS for surveillance and decision-making

et al. 2005

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BackgroundAfter its first detection in North America in New York in 1999, West Nile virus was detected for the first time in 2002 in the province of Quebec, Canada. This situation forced the Government of Quebec to adopt a public health protection plan against the virus. The plan comprises several fields of intervention including the monitoring of human cases, Corvidae and mosquitoes in order to ensure the early detection of the presence of the virus in a particular area. To help support the monitoring activities, the Integrated System for Public Health Monitoring of West Nile Virus (ISPHM-WNV) has been developed.ResultsThe ISPHM-WNV is a real-time geographic information system for public health surveillance of West Nile virus and includes information on Corvidae, mosquitoes, humans, horses, climate, and preventive larvicide interventions. It has been in operation in the province of Quebec, Canada, since May 2003. The ISPHM-WNV facilitates the collection, localization, management and analysis of monitoring data; it also allows for the display of the results of analyses on maps, tables and statistical diagrams.ConclusionThe system is very helpful for field workers in all regions of the province, as well as for central authorities. It represents the common authoritative source of data for analysis, exchange and decision-making.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Integrated System for Public Health Monitoring of West Nile Virus (ISPHM-WNV): a real-time GIS for surveillance and decision-making

et al. 2005

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“…1). This inexplicable behavior of ravens is reminiscent of avian illness and death just before the first human cases of West Nile virus infection in the USA in 1999 (Marr and Calisher 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the microencapsulated pheromone from aged infusion as an oviposition medium of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens

et al. 2008

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The main tendency for the control of West Nile virus vectors, without the presence of disease, is to perform integrated programs minimizing chemicals by using environmentally friendly substances which act as oviposition attractants such as oviposition pheromones and infusions. This is the first time that an aged infusion is combined with aged pheromone (microencapsulated). Initially, three common plants in Greece were evaluated as a potential oviposition medium: Oxalis pes-carpae, Jasminum polyanthum, and Avena barbata. All revealed an excellent oviposition attractancy which was more than 80%. O. pes-carpae was used for further investigation and attractancy over time was also studied. Finally, the combination of the synthetic pheromone (6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide) with the O. pes-carpae infusion revealed a synergistic effect only for the first day. This project was a first detection for the potential use of microencapsulated synthetic pheromone with infusion and results are discussed.

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“…Reptile-associated salmonellosis is well-described phenomena, especially among children. Keeping reptile and other exotic pet animals as pets presents a public health problem; such animals are carriers of salmonellosis [12] and thereby can infect humans directly or indirectly. In 1987, a nationwide outbreak of S. Typhimurium infection was traced to chocolate bars that had been contaminated by wild birds in the factory.…”

Section: Transmission Modes Of Zoonoses Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marr and Calisher reported that as Alexander entered Babylon, a flock of ravens exhibiting unusual behaviour died at his feet [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Confronting Zoonoses: The Role of Veterinarian and Physician

Shanko¹,

Kemal²,

Kenea³

2014

J Veterinar Sci Technol

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Zoonoses are diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. The organisms causing zoonoses include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other parasites, with both domestic and wild animals acting as reservoirs for the pathogens. Zoonoses comprise interaction between at least three species: one pathogen and two host species (animals and humans). They can be transmitted directly by contact with infected animals (e.g. rabies, through bite), via contaminated environment (e.g., anthrax) and via food (e.g., campylobacteriosis) or indirectly via vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks (e.g., West Nile fever and Lyme disease, respectively).There are many factors influencing the zoonoses diseases. The convergence model organizes the potential factors into a series of broad domains that include: socioeconomic and biological factors; ecological and environmental factors; and the interface of domestic animals, wildlife, and human factors. Zoonoses have affected human health throughout times, and wildlife and domestic animals have always played a role for the transmission of the disease which is public health threats worldwide. So success in the preventing and controlling of major zoonoses depend on the capability to mobilize resources in different sectors and on coordination and intersectoral approaches, especially, between national (or international) veterinary and public health services.

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Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis

Cited by 46 publications

References 20 publications

The Integrated System for Public Health Monitoring of West Nile Virus (ISPHM-WNV): a real-time GIS for surveillance and decision-making

The Integrated System for Public Health Monitoring of West Nile Virus (ISPHM-WNV): a real-time GIS for surveillance and decision-making

Influence of the microencapsulated pheromone from aged infusion as an oviposition medium of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens

A Review on Confronting Zoonoses: The Role of Veterinarian and Physician

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