Alevaire as a Mucolytic Agent

Tainter, M. L.; Nachod, Frederick C.; Bird, Joseph G.

doi:10.1056/nejm195511032531804

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Tyloxapol is a non-ionic surfactant having detergent properties. It has been widely used not only as an additive in pharmacy but has also been introduced as a pharmacologically active substance (22). PEGylated tyloxapol niosomes for the controlled release of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs have already been reported by our group (32).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a non-ionic biological surfactant of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type with a HLB value of 12.9 (17). It is popularly employed as an excipient (e.g., as emulsifier) and is mostly used in marketed ophthalmic products and as a mucolytic agent for treating pulmonary diseases (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). It has been used for the development of new sustained release drug administration systems (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyloxapol Niosomes as Prospective Drug Delivery Module for Antiretroviral Drug Nevirapine

Mehta

Jindal

2014

AAPS PharmSciTech

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With the aim of assuring more patient compliant pharmacotherapy for acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, a formulation of the first line anti-retroviral drug, nevirapine (NVP), has been developed by encapsulating it within niosomes. Biocompatible niosomes were fabricated using a biological surfactant, tyloxapol, with variable cholesterol concentrations. Formulation with surfactant/cholesterol molar ratio 1:0.1 exhibits maximum stability and optimum hydrophobicity. Thus, it is most suitable for the entrapment of NVP and has high entrapment efficiency of 94.3%. FTIR and DSC results indicate that NVP has sufficient compatibility with the excipients of the formulation. Photoluminescence quenching measurements were employed to elucidate the position of drug molecules in niosome bilayer along with the partition coefficient. Dissolution results indicate that the efflux of drug is sustained which creates a depot effect and decreases the fluctuations in drug release. Such a versatile and improved formulation of NVP is expected to increase its therapeutic index and alleviate toxic systemic side effects while improving the quality of life and duration of survival of the patients.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyloxapol Niosomes as Prospective Drug Delivery Module for Antiretroviral Drug Nevirapine

Mehta

Jindal

2014

AAPS PharmSciTech

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“…18 Tainter explores a distinction in Late Antiquity between the collapse in the West and decline in the East; for him, what affected the history of the Roman Empire was the relation of the cost/benefit ratio of investment in complexity to other factors such as environment and subsistence practices, the pressure of outside peoples, internal conflict, population growth, catastrophes or sociopolitical dysfunction. 19 For Tainter the best model for the definition of decline or collapse is economic: declining marginal returns led to collapse in the West, and decline in the East. At first sight this may seem to be a satisfactory way of characterising the history of Aphrodisias -to see it as a city which in the Middle Ages declined and was then abandoned.…”

Section: The Question Of 'Decline'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Byzantine Aphrodisias: changing the symbolic map of a city

Cormack

1990

Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc.

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“…Several studies have shown that small quantities of Tyloxapol applied as an aerosol liquefy sputum [ 16 , 17 ]. The viscosity of sputum is reduced by 10% to 20% according to rotational viscosimetry measurements [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucolytic Effectiveness of Tyloxapol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveMucoactive drugs should increase the ability to expectorate sputum and, ideally, have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the mucolytic activity of Tyloxapol compared to saline (0.9%) in COPD.DesignA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover, clinical trial was carried out. Patients were randomly assigned to either inhale 5 ml Tyloxapol 1% or saline 0.9% solution three times daily for 3 weeks and vice versa for another 3 weeks. 28 patients (18 male, 10 female, 47 to 73 years old, median age 63.50) were screened, 21 were treated and 19 patients completed the study per protocol.ResultsA comparison of the two treatment phases showed that the primary endpoint sputum weight was statistically significant higher when patients inhaled Tyloxapol (mean 4.03 g, 95% CI: 2.34–5.73 g at week 3) compared to saline (mean 2.63 g, 95% CI: 1.73–3.53 g at week 3). The p-value at three weeks of treatment was 0.041 between treatment arms. Sputum cells decreased during the Tyloxapol treatment after 3 weeks, indicating that Tyloxapol might have some anti-neutrophilic properties. Lung function parameters (FVC, FEV1, RV, and RV/TLC) remained stable during the study, and no treatment effect was shown. Interestingly, there was a mean increase in all inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) during the saline treatment from day 1 to week 3, whereas during the Tyloxapol treatment, all cytokines decreased. Due to the small sample size and the large individual variation in sputum cytokines, these differences were not significant. However, analyses confirmed that Tyloxapol has significant anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Despite the high number of inhalations (more than 1000), only 27 adverse events (20 during the Tyloxapol and seven during saline) were recorded. Eleven patients experienced AEs under Tyloxapol and six under saline treatment, which indicates that inhalation of saline or Tyloxapol is a very safe procedure.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that inhalation of Tyloxapol by patients with COPD is safe and superior to saline and has some anti-inflammatory effects.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02515799

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Alevaire as a Mucolytic Agent

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Tyloxapol Niosomes as Prospective Drug Delivery Module for Antiretroviral Drug Nevirapine

Tyloxapol Niosomes as Prospective Drug Delivery Module for Antiretroviral Drug Nevirapine

Byzantine Aphrodisias: changing the symbolic map of a city

Mucolytic Effectiveness of Tyloxapol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

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