“…Many plants [11,12,21,[24][25][26], algae [4], microorganisms [1,3,[7][8][9][10]14,18,23,[27][28][29][30], as well as redox-imbalanced mammalian cells and systems [31] are known to produce nanostructured mineral crystals and metallic NPs with properties similar to chemically-synthesized materials. Biological agents, including polysaccharides, polypeptides, DNA, enzymes secreted by cells [24,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] and purified enzymes [42,43] are able to reduce noble metal ions to gain metallic NPs. Besides the practical aim of gNPs production, investigations on the green synthesis processes will be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of cells' responses to stress caused by metal ions.…”