Alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and subsequent risk of renal cell carcinoma: The JPHC study

Abstract

The effects of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence have not been well‐investigated in Asian populations. Here, we evaluated these effects in a large Japanese prospective cohort. We collected data on eligible participants in the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study, and undertook multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RCC incidence. We identified 340 cases (230 men and 110 women) among the 105 663 eligible participants (50 262 men and 55 741 women), who were followed for an average of 19.1 years, with a cumulative total of 2 020 364 person‐years. A slightly inverse but nonsignificant association was observed between alcohol drinking and RCC incidence. In contrast, the risk of RCC was increased in those with heavy smoking (≥40 pack‐years) when men and women were combined (HR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01‐2.25). We identified no significant association between alcohol consumption and RCC incidence. In contrast, heavy smoking (≥40 pack‐years) was associated with a significant increase in incidence.

Green tea and coffee consumption and risk of kidney cancer in Japanese adults

“…Furthermore, data was right censored by omitting participants who were diagnosed with cancers other than kidney cancer in a sensitivity analysis to reduce potential bias. Stratification analyses were performed by stratifying smoking status (never versus past and current) and by body mass index (< 25 kg/m 2 vs. ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) as previous evidence from the JPHC study has confirmed the increased risk of these two variables related to kidney cancer 34 , 35 . The biological mechanism underlying the carcinogenic effects of smoking is generally considered as its promotion to lipid peroxidation and oxygen free radicals’ formation, and that results in renal tubular damage 36 .…”

Clear Cell Renal Cancer, a Tumour with Neuroendocrine Features Originating from the Erythropoietin-Producing Cell

“…Otherwise, cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension have been all associated with a slight increased risk of ccRCC [62], but the exact mechanisms have not been clarified. In Japan, heavy smoking was found to increase the risk [63], but the mechanism for the slight carcinogenic effect on the kidneys have not been clarified. In inhalation studies on rats, we examined the effect of nicotine added to the air in concentrations giving nicotine in blood exceeding that found in heavy smokers during greater part of 24 h for 24 months [64], or CO in a concentration giving about 15% carboxy-haemoglobin for most of 24 h for 18 months [65].…”

Epidemiology and Prevention of Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…Meta-analysis of more than 24 articles has recently shown that a pooled RR for RCC incidence is 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–1.40) for all smokers, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.19–1.56) for current smokers, and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.08–1.25) for former smokers [ 61 ]. A recent report from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC study) revealed that heavy smokers (≥40 pack-years) had an increased risk of RCC (hazard ratio [HR] 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01–2.25), albeit only when data for men and women were combined, although the effect of smoking on RCC incidence has not been well investigated in Asian populations [ 62 ].…”

“…The VITAL study in the U.S. conversely found no association between alcohol intake and RCC [ 57 ]. There was a slight, but not significant inverse association between alcohol consumption and RCC incidence in the JPHC study [ 62 ]. Although a recent meta-analysis confirmed that alcohol consumption from wine, beer, and liquor is associated with a decreased risk of RCC.…”