Alcohol and recall: State-dependent effects in man

Goodwin, Donald W.; Powell, Barbara J.; Bremer, David; Hoine, Haskel; Stern, John M.

doi:10.1037/e525532009-008

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…When alcohol-induced variability increases reinforcing consequences, the behavior of drinking alcohol becomes an early member of a reinforced response chain. Furthermore, the alcohol drug state may then become a discriminative stimulus for this increased reinforcement (Goodwin, Powell, Bremer, Hoine, & Stern, 1969). Of course other mechanisms, including associative conditioning, physiological addiction, tolerance, and genetic differences, are important (Brady, 1988;Masur & Lodder Martins dos Santos, 1988;Staiger & White, 1988;Vuchinich & Tucker, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ethanol on Reinforced Variations and Repetitions by Rats Under a Multiple Schedule

Cohen

Neuringer

Rhodes

1990

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Response sequences emitted by five Long-Evans rats were reinforced under a two-component multiple schedule. In the REPEAT component, food pellets were contingent upon completion of a left-left-right-right (LLRR) sequence on two levers. In the VARY component, pellets were contingent upon variable sequences (i.e., a sequence was reinforced only if it differed from each of the previous five sequences). The rats learned to emit LLRR sequences in the REPEAT component and variable sequences in VARY. Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.25, 1.75, and 2.25 g/kg) significantly increased sequence variability in REPEAT, thereby lowering reinforcement probability, but had little effect on sequence variability in the VARY component. These results extend previous findings that alcohol impairs the performance of reinforced repetitions but not of reinforced variations in response sequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ethanol on Reinforced Variations and Repetitions by Rats Under a Multiple Schedule

Cohen

Neuringer

Rhodes

1990

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…On the next day, they were tested either in the same or opposite state. Memory performance was better when the internal states were similar during both phases of the experiments (Goodwin, Powell, Bremer, Hoine, & Stern, 1969; also see Overton, 1964, for a demonstration with nonhuman animals). Similar effects with changes in physical contexts (e.g., outside a swimming pool or under water; Godden & Baddeley, 1975) have also been reported in humans.…”

Section: Two Roles Of the Context In Pavlovian Fear Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 97%

Two roles of the context in Pavlovian fear conditioning.

Urcelay¹,

Miller²

2010

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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At both empirical and theoretical levels, multiple functional roles of contextual information upon memory performance have been proposed without a clear dissociation of these roles. Some theories have assumed that contexts are functionally similar to cues, whereas other views emphasize the retrieval facilitating properties of contextual information. In Experiment 1, we observed that one critical parameter, the spacing of trials, could determine whether the context would function as a cue or as a retrieval cue for memories trained in different phases. Experiments 2 and 3 doubly dissociated these functions by selectively disrupting one role but not the other, and vice versa. Overall, these observations identify one determinant of different functions of contextual information and pose a major challenge to theories of learning that assume exclusively one or the other function of the context. Moreover, these data emphasize the importance of parametric variations on behavioral control, which has critical implications for studies designed to understand the role of the hippocampus in processing of contextual attributes.

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“…During learning it has been argued that, in addition to the to‐be‐remembered items, participants encode the learning context; reinstatement of that context at recall facilitates retrieval (e.g. Godden & Baddeley, 1975; Goodwin, Powell, Bremer, Hoine, & Stern, 1969; Miles & Hardman, 1998). In the Tucha et al (2004) study, disparate chewing contexts between learning and recall may have acted to inhibit memorial facilitation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chewing gum and context‐dependent memory: The independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavour

Johnson

Miles

2008

British J of Psychology

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Two experiments independently investigated the basis of the chewing-gum induced context-dependent memory effect (Baker et al, 2004). At learning and/or recall participants either chewed flavourless gum (Experiment 1) or received mint-flavoured strips (Experiment 2). No context dependent memory effect was found with either flavourless gum or mint-flavoured strips, indicating that independently the contexts were insufficiently salient to induce the effect. This is found despite participants' subjective ratings indicating a perceived change in state following administration of flavourless gum or mint-flavoured strips. Additionally, some preliminary evidence for a non-additive facilitative effect of receiving gum or flavour at either learning and/or recall is reported. The findings raise further concerns regarding the robustness of the previously reported context-dependent memory effect with chewing gum.3

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Alcohol and recall: State-dependent effects in man

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Ethanol on Reinforced Variations and Repetitions by Rats Under a Multiple Schedule

Effects of Ethanol on Reinforced Variations and Repetitions by Rats Under a Multiple Schedule

Two roles of the context in Pavlovian fear conditioning.

Chewing gum and context‐dependent memory: The independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavour

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