ALANINE UPTAKE BY ISOLATED ZOOXANTHELLAE OF THE MANGROVE JELLYFISH,<i>CASSIOPEA XAMACHANA.</i>I. TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND UTILIZATION

Carroll, Susan; Blanquet, Richard S.

doi:10.2307/1541226

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Besides amino acids, ammonium and nitrate have been shown to be sources of nitrogen in cultured and symbiotic Symbiodinium [6] , [50] . The investigation using the synchrotron radiation spectroscopy has further confirmed that symbiotic Symbiodinium (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-Deprivation Elevates Lipid Levels in Symbiodinium spp. by Lipid Droplet Accumulation: Morphological and Compositional Analyses

2014

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Stable cnidarian-dinoflagellate (genus Symbiodinium) endosymbioses depend on the regulation of nutrient transport between Symbiodinium populations and their hosts. It has been previously shown that the host cytosol is a nitrogen-deficient environment for the intracellular Symbiodinium and may act to limit growth rates of symbionts during the symbiotic association. This study aimed to investigate the cell proliferation, as well as ultrastructural and lipid compositional changes, in free-living Symbiodinium spp. (clade B) upon nitrogen (N)-deprivation. The cell proliferation of the N-deprived cells decreased significantly. Furthermore, staining with a fluorescent probe, boron dipyrromethane 493/503 (BODIPY 493/503), indicated that lipid contents progressively accumulated in the N-deprived cells. Lipid analyses further showed that both triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol ester (CE) were drastically enriched, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; i.e., docosahexaenoic acid, heneicosapentaenoic acid, and oleic acid) became more abundant. Ultrastructural examinations showed that the increase in concentration of these lipid species was due to the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), a cellular feature that have previously shown to be pivotal in the maintenance of intact endosymbioses. Integrity of these stable LDs was maintained via electronegative repulsion and steric hindrance possibly provided by their surface proteins. Proteomic analyses of these LDs identified proteins putatively involved in lipid metabolism, signaling, stress response and energy metabolism. These results suggest that LDs production may be an adaptive response that enables Symbiodinium to maintain sufficient cellular energy stores for survival under the N-deprived conditions in the host cytoplasm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-Deprivation Elevates Lipid Levels in Symbiodinium spp. by Lipid Droplet Accumulation: Morphological and Compositional Analyses

2014

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“…symbionts, compared to cultured strains, as well as growth capability on a wide range of organic natural and synthetic nitrogen compounds as sole nitrogen source (Le Den Dooren, 1967;McAuley, 1986McAuley, , 1987. Uptake of amino acids such as methionine, cysteine, alanine and taurine by Symbiodinium has also been demonstrated for in vitro (Carroll and Blanquet, 1984;Deane and O'Brien, 1981) and possibly for in hospite cells (Cook, 1971;Steen, 1986). Similar to the Hydra-Chlorella system, uptake of taurine, cysteine and methionine is more efficient in symbiotic vs. cultured Symbiodinium cells, with some indication for an inducible uptake system that increases the substrate affinity at low taurine concentrations (Deane and O'Brien, 1981;Wang and Douglas, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Krueger

Gates

2012

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Sustaining in vitro cultures of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium is important, addressing questions relating to Symbiodinium function and Symbiodinium dependent host fitness. Difficulties in establishing representative Symbiodinium cultures from Pacific coral isolates limit the availability of diverse Symbiodinium types, especially in the C clade. While this clade exhibits high subcladal diversity (over 100 types), and represents the ecologically dominating phylotype in Indo-Pacific corals, only two ancestral types C1 and C3 are currently in permanent culture. This study attempted to cultivate Symbiodinium C15, a derived C clade type, from the Hawaiian coral Porites compressa. We tested a number of basic media in combination with defined organic supplements, as well as host factor derived additives and ion-manipulated media, in order to mimic the intracellular ion regime of a zooxanthellate host. While basic media did not support cell survival at all, the use of organic supplements such as amino acids plus taurine or host derived tissue homogenate had a positive effect on survival and stabilized in vitro densities temporarily. However, none of the conditions tested supported a proliferating motile Symbiodinium C15 culture. In two independent experiments, a potentially free-living Symbiodinium A clade strain was successfully cultured, which exhibited phylogenetic separation from endosymbiotic A clade strains. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of host mimics or host derived supplements to study otherwise 'unculturable' Symbiodinium strains. Our results imply that Symbiodinium C15 is incapable of surviving ex hospite unless a host-derived or potential host mimicking feature is present. This potential host dependency has important implications for post-bleaching recovery of the endemic coral P. compressa and suggests a coevolutionary link between vertical transmission mode, host dependency of the symbiont and bleaching resistance of this holobiont.

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“…We also know virtually nothing about "reverse translocation" of carbon compounds, the transfer of metabolites from host to symbiont, though it is known that isolated symbionts can take up a range of organic and inorganic molecules from the surrounding medium (39,40,82,89,151,344). The uptake of 35 S by symbiotic dinoflagellates from food ingested by Aiptasia sp.…”

Section: Translocation Of Photosynthetic Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis

Davy

Allemand

Weis

2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

805

1,041

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SUMMARY The symbiosis between cnidarians (e.g., corals or sea anemones) and intracellular dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is of immense ecological importance. In particular, this symbiosis promotes the growth and survival of reef corals in nutrient-poor tropical waters; indeed, coral reefs could not exist without this symbiosis. However, our fundamental understanding of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis and of its links to coral calcification remains poor. Here we review what we currently know about the cell biology of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. In doing so, we aim to refocus attention on fundamental cellular aspects that have been somewhat neglected since the early to mid-1980s, when a more ecological approach began to dominate. We review the four major processes that we believe underlie the various phases of establishment and persistence in the cnidarian/coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis: (i) recognition and phagocytosis, (ii) regulation of host-symbiont biomass, (iii) metabolic exchange and nutrient trafficking, and (iv) calcification. Where appropriate, we draw upon examples from a range of cnidarian-alga symbioses, including the symbiosis between green Hydra and its intracellular chlorophyte symbiont, which has considerable potential to inform our understanding of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Ultimately, we provide a comprehensive overview of the history of the field, its current status, and where it should be going in the future.

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ALANINE UPTAKE BY ISOLATED ZOOXANTHELLAE OF THE MANGROVE JELLYFISH,CASSIOPEA XAMACHANA.I. TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND UTILIZATION

Cited by 19 publications

References 38 publications

Nitrogen-Deprivation Elevates Lipid Levels in Symbiodinium spp. by Lipid Droplet Accumulation: Morphological and Compositional Analyses

Nitrogen-Deprivation Elevates Lipid Levels in Symbiodinium spp. by Lipid Droplet Accumulation: Morphological and Compositional Analyses

Cultivating endosymbionts — Host environmental mimics support the survival of Symbiodinium C15 ex hospite

Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis

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