Airway obstruction in competitive swimmers

Päivinen, Marja; Putus, Tuula; Kalliokoski, Pentti; Tikkanen, Heikki

doi:10.4236/health.2013.53062

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…An airway obstruction finding did not associate with reported respiratory symptoms. However, in previous studies, the lowered FEV 1 /FVC associated with reported respiratory symptoms in competitive swimmers [ 22 , 38 ]. The medication data were collected from the 130 competitive swimmers, who qualified for the National Championships, participated in the pulmonary function testing and the questionnaire survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The maintenance of swimming halls, as a whole, meets the high requirements of optimal ventilation, hygiene, moisture and temperature controlling. A previous study showed that the airborne trichloroamine levels were low in swimming halls and followed the EU standards [ 22 , 30 ]. Reporting of respiratory symptoms decreased after the renovation of swimming halls in Finland [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spirometry at baseline showed that the FVC in both female and male competitive swimmers was approximately 110% of predicted, which is suggested to be a typical finding in highly fit elite competitive swimmers [ 3 , 22 , 33 – 35 ]. In the present study, the body composition of competitive swimmers, such as BMI, height and weight, was consistent with those reported in elite swimmers [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the swimmers with airway obstruction did not report medication despite an asthma diagnosis. However, worsening of pulmonary function in asthmatic males may develop slowly without notice and airway obstruction may exist, because asthmatic male swimmers remain asymptomatic while swimming [ 22 ]. The opposite situation in female swimmers may occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asthma, allergies and respiratory symptoms in different activity groups of swimmers exercising in swimming halls

Päivinen

Keskinen

Putus

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background Respiratory symptoms are common in competitive swimmers. However, among these and in swimmers at other activity levels the swimming distance, the total spent time in swimming halls and their medical background varies. Our objectives were, first, to assess their medical histories and the associations with respiratory symptoms among swimmers in different activity groups and then second, to study the pulmonary function findings and related medications in competitive swimmers who exercise in swimming hall environments the most. Methods First, 1118 participants consisting of 133 competitive-, 734 fitness- and 251 occasional swimmers answered questionnaires concerning their medical background, their respiratory symptoms in connection to swimming distance and their amount of time spent in swimming halls. Secondly, in 130 competitive swimmers, pulmonary function was tested by spirometry and a specific questionnaire was used to assess respiratory symptoms, medical histories and prescribed medication. Results Respiratory symptoms were reported by 18% of the studied swimmers. Competitive swimmers had significantly more symptoms than fitness- and occasional swimmers. Naturally competitive swimmers swum more than 2000 m and stayed by the pool more than 90 min, longer than the other activity groups of swimmers. Spirometry testing showed airway obstruction in 15 swimmers, which was 12% of the 130 competitive swimmers. 21 of them, had physician-diagnosed asthma and 16 of these individuals had prescribed medication for it. Conclusions Competitive swimmers had the highest swimming hall exposure and reported significantly more respiratory symptoms. A high prevalence of airway obstruction findings in competitive swimmers with asthma and allergies suggests a need for future recommendations for regular testing and special medical care for competitive swimmers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Asthma, allergies and respiratory symptoms in different activity groups of swimmers exercising in swimming halls

Päivinen

Keskinen

Putus

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…Chemical side products were released in swimming pools as a result of the interactions between organic matter and chlorine. They contained mainly trihalomethanes, usually represented by haloacetic acids and chloroform [11]. The chlorine present in the pool reacted with ammonia, which appeared along with urine, sweat or soap residue from users [12].…”

Section: (Continued From Previous Page)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers

et al. 2020

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Objectives: Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which -in combination with compounds contained in water -could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer's lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers' respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer's airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases). Design: A group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed. Methods: Sixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace. Results: The obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa.(Continued on next page)

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Swimming-induced changes in pulmonary function: special observations for clinical testing

Päivinen

Keskinen

Tikkanen

2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background A special improvement in pulmonary function is found in swimmers. In clinical testing the airway reactivity is observed at certain exercise intensity and target ventilation. However, in highly trained swimmers exercising in water the reactions may not function the same way. The aim was to study the combined effects of the water environment and swimming on pulmonary function and the associations with perceived symptoms. Methods First, 412 competitive swimmers completed questionnaires concerning respiratory symptoms at different swimming intensities. Then, pulmonary function testing was performed in 14 healthy elite swimmers. Spirometry and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured on land and in water before and after swimming. While swimming, minute ventilation (VE) tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (fb) were measured during competition speed swimming. Results Swimmers reported the most symptoms at competition speed intensity swimming. In the transition from the land into the water swimming body position, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory capacity (FVC) (FEV1/FVC) decreased by a mean (SD) 5.3 % (3) in females and by 2.2 % (5) in males. During competition speed intensity swimming, the minute ventilation (VE) had a mean of 72 and 75 % of calculated maximal voluntary ventilation (cMVV) in females and in males, respectively. Conclusions Spirometry showed sex differences in water compared to land measurements. These differences should be considered when the effects of swimming are observed. During the intensity that triggered the symptoms the most, the VE was approximately 20 % higher than the target ventilations for clinical testing. These findings encourages specific modifications of clinical testing protocols for elite swimmers.

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Airway obstruction in competitive swimmers

Abstract: . Conclusion: Airway obstruction was associated with asthma and family history of asthma. There was no increase in obstruction findings among competitive swimmers within 2 -3 decades. Measured concentrations of trichloramine raised no concern on swimmers health.

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Asthma, allergies and respiratory symptoms in different activity groups of swimmers exercising in swimming halls

Asthma, allergies and respiratory symptoms in different activity groups of swimmers exercising in swimming halls

The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers

Swimming-induced changes in pulmonary function: special observations for clinical testing

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