Airborne transmission of BHV1, BRSV, and BVDV among cattle is possible under experimental conditions

Mars, M.H.; Bruschke, Christianne; Oirschot, J.T. van

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00009-7

Cited by 76 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…On the other hand, even if BRSV is mainly transmitted by contact, airborne transmission has been (Mars et al 1999) and human as passive vector cannot be excluded for human RSV (Hall et al 1980). In our investigated herds, the caretakers handled all the animals and entered both young stocks and lactating cows stables at least twice a day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds

et al. 2009

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The herd seroprevalence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was studied in 59 dairy cattle herds using serology on random selected animals stratified by two age classes (heifers, cows). Risk factors for primary infections in heifers were investigated using a questionnaire on management conditions and data on bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) status. At least one seropositive cow was present in all the herds. In 25% of the herds all individual were seropositive and 22% of herds had all heifers seronegative. Analysis of the influence of risk factors retained summer pasture and BVD status. In particular, absence of summer pasture and the BVD positive status of heifers were associated with an increased risk of BRSV infection in heifers group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds

et al. 2009

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“…BHV-1 can also be (Mars et al 2000). Airborne transmission of BHV-1.1 can occur under experimental conditions at distances of 3.85 meters (Wentink et al 1993), and is dependent on environmental temperature and relative humidity (Elazhary & Derbyshire 1979;Mars et al 1999). Till date, no vectors have been described for BHV-1.…”

Section: Virus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis

Biswas

Bandyopadhyay

Dimri

et al. 2013

Veterinary Quarterly

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Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is known to cause several diseases worldwide. It is a double-stranded DNA virus consisting of 33 structural proteins out of which 13 are associated with the envelope. Based on genomic analysis and viral peptide patterns, BHV-1 virus can be divided into several subtypes like BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2, and BHV-1.3. However, all subtypes are antigenically similar. The symptoms of the related diseases are mainly non-life-threatening but have a rather wide host range that limits animal trade. The different modes of transmission as unique feature of this virus and the tendency to cause infection in the early age with latency development in trigeminal and sacral ganglion cause huge economic losses around the world. The virus also affects endangered bovine species like mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Poephagus grunniens). The disease can be diagnosed by using conventional procedures (like cell culture, immune-histopathology, and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) as well as highly sensitive modern techniques (like nested PCR and southern hybridization) with the virus neutralization test regarded as gold standard. With the currently available diagnostic tests it is not possible to identify animals which have a latent BHV-1 infection. Different types of modern and conventional vaccines are available for immunoprophylaxis. Inactivated vaccines are not as efficacious as modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. Marker vaccines allow the distinction between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. In this review the present status of BHV-1 around the world will be addressed besides the current knowledge with regard to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis.

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“…Although BRSV infection occurs mainly in these seasons [155], it might also occur in the summer [41]. BRSV is mainly transmitted by direct contact between infected animals or by aerosol [94] but it cannot be excluded that it might also be spread by humans acting as a passive vector as observed for HRSV [55]. Some data indicate that BRSV may persist in infected animals [39,140,151].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

Valarcher¹,

2007

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-Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-κB via TLR4 and TLR3 signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity, a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates.

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Airborne transmission of BHV1, BRSV, and BVDV among cattle is possible under experimental conditions

Cited by 76 publications

References 25 publications

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

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