Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment

Cervera, Susana Sanz; Olarte, Carmen; Hidalgo-Sanz, Raquel; Ruiz-Ripa, Laura; Fernández-Fernández, Rosa; García-Vela, Sara; Martínez-Álvarez, Sandra; Torres, Carmén

doi:10.3390/ani11061783

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Similarly, Sanz et al. ( 2021 ) found mostly coagulase-negative staphylococci in litter and air samples (both from the inside and the outside of a farm) of a broiler farm in Spain, with S. saprophyticus being the most abundant staphylococcus species (40.7%). Oppliger et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Review on skeletal disorders caused byStaphylococcusspp. in poultry

Szafraniec

Szeleszczuk

Dolka

2022

Veterinary Quarterly

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Lameness or leg weakness is the main cause of poor poultry welfare and serious economic losses in meat-type poultry production worldwide. Disorders related to the legs are often associated with multifactorial aetiology which makes diagnosis and proper treatment difficult. Among the infectious agents, bacteria of genus Staphylococcus are one of the most common causes of bone infections in poultry and are some of the oldest bacterial infections described in poultry. Staphylococci readily infect bones and joints and are associated with bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), spondylitis, arthritis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC), bumblefoot, dyschondroplasia with osteomyelitis and amyloid arthropathy. Overall, 61 staphylococcal species have been described so far, and 56% of them (34/61) have been isolated from clinical cases in poultry. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the principal cause of poultry staphylococcosis, other Staphylococcus species, such as S. agnetis, S. cohnii , S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. simulans , have also been isolated from skeletal lesions. Antimicrobial treatment of staphylococcosis is usually ineffective due to the location and type of lesion, as well as the possible occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free farming has contributed to the use of alternatives to antibiotics. Other prevention methods, such as better management strategies, early feed restriction or use of slow growing broilers should be implemented to avoid rapid growth rate, which is associated with locomotor problems. This review aims to summarise and address current knowledge on skeletal disorders associated with Staphylococcus spp. infection in poultry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Review on skeletal disorders caused byStaphylococcusspp. in poultry

Szafraniec

Szeleszczuk

Dolka

2022

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…A total of 111 E. coli isolates were obtained in a previous study from environmental samples (manure and air) of a broiler farm [21]. This farm was equipped with automatic feeding and watering systems, and broilers were reared on deep litter and had free access to feed and water.…”

Section: Bacterial Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The environmental dissemination of bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, and staphylococci groups was analyzed in a broiler farm in a previous study [21]. The aim of the present work is to characterize the E. coli isolates obtained from indoor air and manure collected from the previously mentioned study, analyzing AMR phenotypes and genotypes and the presence of integrons, as well as the molecular typing of selected isolates, to evaluate the role of the farm environment in the dissemination of relevant multidrugresistant E. coli isolates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from the Broiler Farm Environment, with Detection of SHV-12-Producing Isolates

et al. 2022

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Antimicrobial resistance is an important One Health challenge that encompasses the human, animal, and environmental fields. A total of 111 Escherichia coli isolates previously recovered from manure (n = 57) and indoor air (n = 54) samples from a broiler farm were analyzed to determine their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance and integron characterization; in addition, plasmid replicon analysis and molecular typing were performed in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) producer isolates. A multidrug-resistance phenotype was detected in 46.8% of the isolates, and the highest rates of resistance were found for ampicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (>40%); moreover, 15 isolates (13.5%) showed susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. None of the isolates showed imipenem and/or cefoxitin resistance. Twenty-three of the one hundred and eleven E. coli isolates (20.7%) were ESBL producers and carried the blaSHV-12 gene; one of these isolates was recovered from the air, and the remaining 22 were from manure samples. Most of ESBL-positive isolates carried the cmlA (n = 23), tet(A) (n = 19), and aac(6′)-Ib-cr (n = 11) genes. The following genetic lineages were identified among the ESBL-producing isolates (sequence type-phylogroup-clonotype): ST770-E-CH116–552 (n = 12), ST117-B2-CH45–97 (n = 4), ST68-E-CH26–382/49 (n = 3), ST68-E-CH26–49 (n = 1), and ST10992-A/B1-CH11–23/41/580 (n = 4); the latter two were detected for the first time in the poultry sector. At least two plasmid replicon types were detected in the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, with IncF, IncF1B, IncK, and IncHI1 being the most frequently found. The following antimicrobial resistance genes were identified among the non-ESBL-producing isolates (number of isolates): blaTEM (58), aac(6′)-Ib-cr (6), qnrS (2), aac(3)-II (2), cmlA (6), tet(A)/tet(B) (22), and sul1/2/3 (51). Four different gene-cassette arrays were detected in the variable region of class 1 (dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA12-aadA2, and dfrA12-orf-aadA2-cmlA) and class 2 integrons (sat2-aadA1-orfX). This work reveals the worrying presence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in the broiler farm environment, with ESBL-producing isolates of SHV-12 type being extensively disseminated.

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“…Air in the poultry houses may contain abundant microorganisms such as E. coli [13]. E. coli from manure first deposit into poultry litter and are then aerosolized through bird activities [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Escherichia coli in Airborne and Settled Poultry Litter Particles

Nguyên

Zhao

Evans

et al. 2022

Animals

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Airborne Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the poultry environment can migrate inside and outside houses through air movement. The airborne E. coli, after settling on surfaces, could be re-aerosolized or picked up by vectors (e.g., caretakers, rodents, transport trucks) for further transmission. To assess the impacts of airborne E. coli transmission among poultry farms, understanding the survivability of the bacteria is necessary. The objective of this study is to determine the survivability of airborne E. coli, settled E. coli, and E. coli in poultry litter under laboratory environmental conditions (22–28 °C with relative humidity of 54–63%). To determine the survivability of airborne E. coli, an AGI-30 bioaerosol sampler (AGI-30) was used to collect the E. coli at 0 and 20 min after the aerosolization. The half-life time of airborne E. coli was then determined by comparing the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of the two samplings. To determine the survivability of settled E. coli, four sterile Petri dishes were placed on the chamber floor right after the aerosolization to collect settled E. coli. The Petri dishes were then divided into two groups, with each group being quantified for culturable E. coli concentrations and dust particle weight at 24-h intervals. The survivability of settled E. coli was then determined by comparing the number of viable E. coli per milligram settled dust collected in the Petri dishes in the two groups. The survivability of E. coli in the poultry litter sample (for aerosolization) was also determined. Results show that the half-life time of airborne E. coli was 5.7 ± 1.2 min. The survivability of E. coli in poultry litter and settled E. coli were much longer with the half-life time of 15.9 ± 1.3 h and 9.6 ± 1.6 h, respectively. In addition, the size distribution of airborne E. coli attached to dust particles and the size distribution of airborne dust particles were measured by using an Andersen impactor and a dust concentration monitor (DustTrak). Results show that most airborne E. coli (98.89% of total E. coli) were carried by the dust particles with aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.1 µm. The findings of this study may help better understand the fate of E. coli transmitted through the air and settled on surfaces and evaluate the impact of airborne transmission in poultry production.

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Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Review on skeletal disorders caused byStaphylococcusspp. in poultry

Review on skeletal disorders caused byStaphylococcusspp. in poultry

Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from the Broiler Farm Environment, with Detection of SHV-12-Producing Isolates

Survival of Escherichia coli in Airborne and Settled Poultry Litter Particles

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