Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Mague, Diane L.; Reissig, W. H.

doi:10.1093/ee/12.3.692

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Card traps captured not only adults of E. aurantii, but obscure-scale crawlers as well. The latter is not surprising, as passive, air-borne movement of crawlers has been documented in other diaspidids (Beardsley and Gonzalez, 1975;Mague and Reissig, 1983). These counts cannot be translated into actual densities, but should be viewed as indices of insect abundance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Biological Control of Melanaspis Obscura on Oaks in Northern California

Ehler

2005

Biocontrol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 1988, Encarsia aurantii (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was introduced into northern California to control an isolated infestation of obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), on native and exotic oaks (Quercus spp.) in Sacramento's Capitol Park. By 2002, there was no longer any need for chemical control of the scale (i.e., complete biological control). Both parasite and host are univoltine; peak emergence of adult parasites coincides with the peak of newly settled, first-instar scales. Increase of the parasite and concomitant decline of the scale from 1992 to 2004 are documented for one native and one exotic oak tree. During spring of 2004, mean density of female scales (based on 100 twigs per tree) on 12 previously infested oak trees was generally low, ranging from <1 (eight trees) to $15 (single tree) scales/twig. Mean percentage parasitization (per twig) ranged from $30 to $85%, and was density independent (spatial context) for each of five trees. Two refuges for the scale population were noted: some scale crawlers settled and developed under the parental scale cover (spatial refuge) and some female scales continued to produce crawlers into late summer and early fall, when adult parasites were no longer available (temporal refuge). This case illustrates how an introduction strategy (i.e., single-species release of E. aurantii), which was derived from an analysis of the parasite guild of the pest, was executed in the field and ultimately led to successful biological control.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Biological Control of Melanaspis Obscura on Oaks in Northern California

Ehler

2005

Biocontrol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…San José scale has been reported to occur at higher densities in the upper parts of apple trees than in lower parts (Westigard & Calvin 1977;Mague & Reissig 1983a), but this has often been attributed to differences in earlier spray coverage. However, Shi et al (1997) observed that San José scale on jujube (Ziziphus sativa Gaertn.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infestation of the fruit by San José scale is achieved by the mobile crawlers dispersing from the bark aerially and by walking (Mague & Reissig 1983a). Regression analyses of the relationship between mean seasonal population density on the bark and the mean numbers of scale insects per harvested fruit were highly significant, regardless of whether mean values were calculated for leaders, strata Downloaded by [Northeastern University] at 18:00 16 November 2014 or combinations of these.…”

Section: Relationship Between Scale Insect Densities On the Bark And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The complex of natural enemies (Hill 1989) is not sufficient to maintain scale populations below economic thresholds, and pre-bloom oil spraying is often required in integrated and organic fruit production programmes (Wearing et al 1996;Walker et al 1998). The need for this spraying is enhanced by the significant risk of invasion by wind-blown (Mague & Reissig 1983a) or phoretic crawlers (Magsig-Castillo et al 2010) from alternative host trees, such as willows (Salix spp.) and poplars (Populus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spatial distribution of San José scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree

Wearing

Boer²

2012

New Zealand Entomologist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Five distinct infestations of San José scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) were identified on a single vaseshaped 'Red Delicious' apple tree, and a stratified random sampling programme of the population was carried out from September 1969 to September 1970. All live and dead scale insects, except crawlers, were counted fortnightly on samples of bark, fruit and leaves from the trunk, leaders, main branches, twigs, fruit spurs and new shoots within the strata (50 samples/sampling occasion). The strata were below, within and above the five infestations, and the stages recorded were settled 1st instar, 2nd instar, prepupal male, pupal male, adult male and adult female (with and without crawlers). Density was expressed as numbers per cm 2 of bark, and numbers per fruit and leaf. At harvest, total scale insects (but not the separate stages) were counted on each fruit within each stratum. Analyses showed that, with the exception of adult females on the leaves, all stages were aggregated. Density varied greatly within the tree. Highest densities occurred within the infestations compared with above and below the infestations; two of the leader infestations had higher densities than the others and the trunk infestation; densities on the bark > fruit > leaves. Sex ratios were male-dominated on the leaves. Regressions of scale insects per fruit on their density on the bark were always significant, but scale density on the bark of the fruit spurs was the best predictor of scale insects per fruit, which was further related to percentage fruit infestation by logistic regression. These analyses confirmed infestation rates of fruit spurs as the most reliable and practical sampling unit for determining the need for control measures.

show abstract

“…It is capable of crawling only short distances (Quayle 1911, Stofberg 1937), but passive movement via wind is a major means of dispersal. Although mortality is high, crawlers may be carried by wind a few meters to several kilometers and rarely, several hundred kilometers (Pedgley 1982, Mague and Reissig 1983, Washburn and Washburn 1984, Greathead 1990, Blank et al 1990 Teliz (2000), APHIS (2004), Teliz and Mora (2007) Probable misidentiÞcation; D. coccois only feeds on palms Melanaspis aliena (Newstead) Teliz (2000), APHIS (2004), Teliz and Mora (2007) Now Acutaspis aliena (Newstead) Velataspis dentate (Hoke) Teliz (2000), APHIS (2004) Misspelling of Velataspis dentata (Hoke)…”

Section: Number Of Armored Scales Found On Fruit In 140 Cartons Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Levels of Exotic Armored Scales on Imported Avocados Raise Concerns Regarding USDA–APHIS’ Phytosanitary Risk Assessment

Morse¹,

Rugman‐Jones²,

Watson³

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Apple1

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Biological Control of Melanaspis Obscura on Oaks in Northern California

Biological Control of Melanaspis Obscura on Oaks in Northern California

Spatial distribution of San José scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree

High Levels of Exotic Armored Scales on Imported Avocados Raise Concerns Regarding USDA–APHIS’ Phytosanitary Risk Assessment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About