“…Ground source heat pump installations could often not meet the expected performance and were often below national energy standards in China (Qiao et al 2020;Gao et al 2021), the US (Puttagunta et al 2010;Yin et al 2019), and Europe (Caird et al 2012). Similar findings were reported for air source heat pumps in Europe (Caird et al 2012;Chesser et al 2021;O'Hegarty et al 2022). A meta-review considering more than 600 European installations revealed that the performance of heat pumps varied widely, indicating that heat pumps are sensitive to poor design, installation, and planning (Gleeson and Lowe 2013).…”
Section: Problems With Heat Pump Installationsmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Yet, this is often not the case, as several studies have shown (Puttagunta et al 2010;Caird et al 2012;Yin et al 2019;Qiao et al 2020;Chesser et al 2021;O'Hegarty et al 2022). A considerable part of problems that reduce efficiency can be solved with little effort, for example, by experts that optimise settings.…”
Heat pumps are at the heart of the transition to sustainable heating in buildings. Yet, minor installation and setting errors add to unnoticed performance drops over the system’s lifetime. With the advent of smart meters that constantly measure electricity consumption, data patterns of heat pumps have become available, even for the many not connected to the Internet. These data hold the potential to monitor heat pumps continuously, identify issues, and thus assist energy consultants and heat pump owners in lifting hidden conservation potential. Yet, research and practice lack an overview of specific problems that could help in this task. In a mixed-method approach, this study investigated 228 protocols of on-site heat pump inspections in Switzerland and found 47 problem classes with varying frequencies. Based on this empirical data and expert interviews, a classification scheme for heat pump issues is proposed and validated. It uncovers the cause of problems, how and by whom they can be recognised and solved, and potential benefits. The work demonstrates that (i) several problems are likely to create smart meter patterns and that (ii) heat pump owners could be involved in the problem recognition and solving process if they get guidance (i.e. simple rules and instructions). Finally, this study discusses implications for developing information systems to automate and assist the recognition and solving of problems. Such information systems may raise not only the attention of heat pump owners but also trigger desired actions (i.e. request consultancy, inspect heat pump themselves).
“…Ground source heat pump installations could often not meet the expected performance and were often below national energy standards in China (Qiao et al 2020;Gao et al 2021), the US (Puttagunta et al 2010;Yin et al 2019), and Europe (Caird et al 2012). Similar findings were reported for air source heat pumps in Europe (Caird et al 2012;Chesser et al 2021;O'Hegarty et al 2022). A meta-review considering more than 600 European installations revealed that the performance of heat pumps varied widely, indicating that heat pumps are sensitive to poor design, installation, and planning (Gleeson and Lowe 2013).…”
Section: Problems With Heat Pump Installationsmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Yet, this is often not the case, as several studies have shown (Puttagunta et al 2010;Caird et al 2012;Yin et al 2019;Qiao et al 2020;Chesser et al 2021;O'Hegarty et al 2022). A considerable part of problems that reduce efficiency can be solved with little effort, for example, by experts that optimise settings.…”
Heat pumps are at the heart of the transition to sustainable heating in buildings. Yet, minor installation and setting errors add to unnoticed performance drops over the system’s lifetime. With the advent of smart meters that constantly measure electricity consumption, data patterns of heat pumps have become available, even for the many not connected to the Internet. These data hold the potential to monitor heat pumps continuously, identify issues, and thus assist energy consultants and heat pump owners in lifting hidden conservation potential. Yet, research and practice lack an overview of specific problems that could help in this task. In a mixed-method approach, this study investigated 228 protocols of on-site heat pump inspections in Switzerland and found 47 problem classes with varying frequencies. Based on this empirical data and expert interviews, a classification scheme for heat pump issues is proposed and validated. It uncovers the cause of problems, how and by whom they can be recognised and solved, and potential benefits. The work demonstrates that (i) several problems are likely to create smart meter patterns and that (ii) heat pump owners could be involved in the problem recognition and solving process if they get guidance (i.e. simple rules and instructions). Finally, this study discusses implications for developing information systems to automate and assist the recognition and solving of problems. Such information systems may raise not only the attention of heat pump owners but also trigger desired actions (i.e. request consultancy, inspect heat pump themselves).
“…GSHP offers more consistent performance [77] and WSHP normally have higher COP compared to ASHP [78] . Several systematic reviews are also conducted by [79] , [80] about HP control, optimization and use of artificial intelligence to improve their efficiency and demonstrate challenges in their future developments. Fig.…”
“…In addition, climate conditions, four possible applications define the temperature level of the sink (low, intermediate, medium, and hot), ranging from 35 to 65 °C. O’Hegarty et al [ 43 ] provide a detailed evaluation description based on the standard.…”
The refrigerant used in heat pumps significantly influences the overall system performance. However, selecting a proper refrigerant is no trivial matter due to the heat pumps’ sensitivity to the selected flowsheet, components, and operating conditions. Herein, a holistic approach is used that covers all these interdependencies simultaneously considering the flowsheet, fluid‐dependent compressor efficiencies, and the operating point. Six low global warming potential (GWP<150) refrigerants are investigated, which include pure fluids, azeotropic mixtures, and zeotropic mixtures from different substance groups. For four flowsheets, the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) by EN 14825 is calculated and serves as the assessment metric. The case study is based on typical conditions of residential heat pumps. The results show that the SCOPs substantially differ depending on the refrigerant and the flowsheet (reaching from 3.8 to 4.6). Differences in the performance of refrigerants for an equal flowsheet are mainly driven by compressor efficiency. However, these differences can be overcome by adjusting the flowsheet. In particular, when an internal heat exchanger is added, the refrigerant ranking is substantially changed. It is shown that R436A, which is inferior to R290 for the basic cycle, benefits more from an internal heat exchanger and reaches a competitive SCOP than R290.
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