Air Source Heat Pumps field studies: A systematic literature review

Carroll, Paula; Chesser, Michael; Lyons, Pádraig

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110275

Cited by 123 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Aside from this, the mean values reported may indicate overall performance, however, differences may be seen depending on external conditions. Figure 3 indicates the renewable status of both systems using a status map, where values greater than 2.88 are considered renewable [22], [23]. This figure indicates a challenge for these systems, especially in the context of DHW.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the theoretical and in-use performance of Exhaust Air Heat Pumps

O’Sullivan

Colclough

Morehead³

et al. 2021

E3S Web Conf.

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Integrated units that combine Exhaust Air Heat Pumps (EAHPs) with Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) and, in some instances, Domestic Hot Water Storage (DHW), are becoming increasingly popular in the domestic market across Europe with over 24,000 EAHPs purchased in the EU in 2017 alone. Early research into using EAHPs demonstrated energy savings being conservatively between 20% and 50% when compared to conventional systems. Recent research has suggested that, in reality, EAHPs in-use energy performance can be worse than that estimated by various standardised theoretical assessment methods (COP/SPF in the range of 0.4 to 6.0). More worryingly, published data on this in-use operation is effectively non-existent for NZEB type dwellings and few studies have stress tested the robustness of the EN standards in accounting for the effects of in-use operation. The study presented in this paper investigated whether the standard methods used to predict in-use energy performance are sufficiently robust and adequately capture operational performance for EAHP systems. The energy performance of two identical EAHP systems in Ireland (one rural/ one urban) were monitored for close to 12 months. During the live in-use monitoring period, the EAHPs had ‘heat-pump/heat recovery only’ operating mode ratios of 16%/84% and 22%/77% for rural and urban systems respectively. The average HRE in-use efficiency was 92% and 64% for the rural and urban systems respectively. While the manufacturers stated Seasonal performance factors (SPF) ranging from 2.2 (for DHW) to 5.8 (for Space Heating), the average in-use SPF was found to vary between 1.7 and 3.8 depending on the boundary reported and the location. More research is urgently required in order to bring much needed clarity for designers and energy assessors regarding which boundaries can be universally applied to EAHP systems. Given the range of SPF which could apply to the HP’s examined, the paper highlights the importance of ensuring that realistic indicators of in use performance are provided, aiding appropriate decision-making by policymakers, industry and end-users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the theoretical and in-use performance of Exhaust Air Heat Pumps

O’Sullivan

Colclough

Morehead³

et al. 2021

E3S Web Conf.

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“…The proposed calculation of air exchange taking into account the heat pump and the obtained parameters of the room microclimate (structure) with an area of 100m 2 , showed a reasonable energy-saving heat generation corresponding to an efficiency coefficient of COP = 2.5 ÷ 4 [13][14][15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat pump system built into the room with the implementation of air exchange and microclimate

Fedosov

Fedoseev

Elin³

et al. 2021

E3S Web Conf.

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The efficiency and performance of an air heat pump system built into a room, together with supply and exhaust ventilation, currently requires a high-quality microclimate and clean air in the room. The transition in mass housing construction to the sealed windows with double-glazed windows, along with the positive factors such as a decrease in heat loss and a decrease in noise in rooms, led to a deterioration in the air regime in a room with traditional natural ventilation systems. In the winter period of space heating, energy is spent, among other things, on heating the incoming cold air, and in quite significant quantities. At the same time, the required level of air exchange is necessary in both poorly and well-insulated buildings. From this it follows that the heat consumption for ventilation without the use of special innovative engineering and technical solutions will not decrease from this, and the more insulated the building is, the higher in relative terms the ventilation costs will be. As a method for assessing the microclimate comfort, the authors propose the calculations and comparison of individual parameters of the thermal and humidity air regime for the room in accordance with the SanPiN standards. The supply and exhaust ventilation system with a heat exchanger (recuperation) has a number of advantages, which include: saving heat energy spent on heating the ventilation air, depending on the type of heat exchanger system; the efficiency level of air-thermal comfort in the room, due to the aerodynamic stability of the heat pump heating system and balanced heat exchange of the supply and exhaust air; the ability to maintain a minimum relative humidity in the supply and exhaust ventilation system in the range from 40 to 60%, in which viruses are the least viable. The recovered warm air is not just thrown out of the building, but enters a specially equipped mixing chamber with intensively uniform mixing, which allows achieving the efficiency factor of the heat pump COP = 3.5 and the ability to operate such an air heat pump system in climatic zones with the temperatures up to -25 °C.

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“…The application of SLR has spread from medicine and health care into other fields. Recently, its application in some engineering fields, specifically software engineering, transportation systems, manufacturing, etc., has increased [29][30][31][32][33][34]. Later on, Kitchenham and Charters [35] modified this technique and provided a guideline to facilitate its application.…”

Section: Systematic Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2021

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Risk management is a fundamental approach to improving critical infrastructure systems’ safety against disruptive events. This approach focuses on designing robust critical infrastructure systems (CISs) that could resist disruptive events by minimizing the possible events’ probability and consequences using preventive and protective programs. However, recent disasters like COVID-19 have shown that most CISs cannot stand against all potential disruptions. Recently there is a transition from robust design to resilience design of CISs, increasing the focus on preparedness, response, and recovery. Resilient CISs withstand most of the internal and external shocks, and if they fail, they can bounce back to the operational phase as soon as possible using minimum resources. Moreover, in resilient CISs, early warning enables managers to get timely information about the proximity and development of distributions. An understanding of the concept of resilience, its influential factors, and available evaluation and analyzing tools are required to have effective resilience management. Moreover, it is important to highlight the current gaps. Technological resilience is a new concept associated with some ambiguity around its definition, its terms, and its applications. Hence, using the concept of resilience without understanding these variations may lead to ineffective pre- and post-disruption planning. A well-established systematic literature review can provide a deep understanding regarding the concept of resilience, its limitation, and applications. The aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review to study the current research around technological CISs’ resilience. In the review, 192 primary studies published between 2003 and 2020 are reviewed. Based on the results, the concept of resilience has gradually found its place among researchers since 2003, and the number of related studies has grown significantly. It emerges from the review that a CIS can be considered as resilient if it has (i) the ability to imagine what to expect, (ii) the ability to protect and resist a disruption, (iii) the ability to absorb the adverse effects of disruption, (iv) the ability to adapt to new conditions and changes caused by disruption, and (v) the ability to recover the CIS’s normal performance level after a disruption. It was shown that robustness is the most frequent resilience contributing factor among the reviewed primary studies. Resilience analysis approaches can be classified into four main groups: empirical, simulation, index-based, and qualitative approaches. Simulation approaches, as dominant models, mostly study real case studies, while empirical methods, specifically those that are deterministic, are built based on many assumptions that are difficult to justify in many cases.

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Air Source Heat Pumps field studies: A systematic literature review

Cited by 123 publications

References 54 publications

Evaluation of the theoretical and in-use performance of Exhaust Air Heat Pumps

Evaluation of the theoretical and in-use performance of Exhaust Air Heat Pumps

Heat pump system built into the room with the implementation of air exchange and microclimate

The Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

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