Air–Sea Interactions from Westerly Wind Bursts During the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean

Moum, James N.; Szoeke, Simon P. de; Smyth, William D.; Edson, James B.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Moulin, Aurélie J.; Thompson, Elizabeth; Zappa, Christopher J.; Rutledge, Steven A.; Johnson, Richard H.; Fairall, C. W.

doi:10.1175/bams-d-12-00225.1

Cited by 112 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…MJO2 MJO3 Interestingly, the stronger warming of the surface mixed layer during the MJO2 calm phase is followed by a stronger MJO active phase (MJO2) [Moum et al, 2013], stronger westerly wind bursts, and stronger cooling of the surface mixed layer during the MJO2 active phase. Our results highlight differences between the heat budgets at the equator and 1.5 S, as well as the strong variability of the residual and advective heat fluxes.…”

Section: Mjo1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard meteorological sensors on the R/V Revelle were augmented with a suite of specially equipped meteorological sensors to measure the atmospheric turbulent fluxes directly [Moum et al, 2013]. The shipboard meteorological measurements are higher quality than those from the moorings.…”

Section: Appendix B: Error Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equatorial westerlies associated with the MJO may trigger or enhance the eastward equatorial Wyrtki jet in the Indian Ocean during the transition periods between the two monsoon seasons [Wyrtki, 1973;Nagura and McPhaden, 2008;Schott et al, 2009]. Observations in the Indian Ocean show a strong eastward current in the upper 80 m, strongest between 60 E and 90 E, and a westward undercurrent below 120 m [Wyrtiki, 1973;Iskandar et al, 2009;Moum et al, 2013]. The accompanying westward thermocline uplift at the western origin and sinking at its eastern end of the Wyrtki jet along the equator may have profound effects in changing the mass structure in the ocean [Wyrtki, 1973].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the central Indian Ocean during Madden–Julian Oscillation events

et al. 2014

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The oceanic surface mixed layer heat budget in the central equatorial Indian Ocean is calculated from observations at two mooring sites (0 S 79 E and 1.5 S 79 E) during three active and calm phases of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events between September 2011 and January 2012. At both mooring locations, the surface mixed layer is generally heated during MJO calm phases. During MJO active phases at both mooring locations, the surface mixed layer is always cooled by the net surface heat flux and also sometimes by the turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the surface mixed layer. The turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the surface mixed layer, however, varies greatly among different MJO active phases and between the two mooring locations. A barrier layer exerts control on the turbulent heat flux at the base of the surface mixed layer; we quantify this barrier layer strength by a ''barrier layer potential energy,'' which depends on the thickness of the barrier layer, the thickness of the surface mixed layer, and the density stratification across the isothermal layer. During one observed MJO active phase, a strong turbulent heat flux into the mixed layer was diagnosed, despite the presence of a 10220 m thick barrier layer. This was due to the strong shear across the barrier layer driven by the westerly winds, which provided sufficient available kinetic energy to erode the barrier layer. To better simulate and predict net surface heat fluxes and the MJO, models must estimate the oceanic barrier layer potential energy, background shear, stratification, and surface forcing accurately.

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Section: Mjo1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix B: Error Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the central Indian Ocean during Madden–Julian Oscillation events

et al. 2014

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“…AXBT/AXCTD observations also support the TMI data but the magnitude was smaller. Observations of SST from the RAMA buoys at 90°E, 1.5°S (Johnson and Ciesielski 2013), 80.5°E, 1.5°S (Shinoda et al, 2013a), and 0°, 80.5°E (Moum et al, 2013) also corroborate these findings. SST increased to magnitudes equivalent to that of stage 1 only after 10 December.…”

Section: Sst Variability In Different Stages Of Mjomentioning

confidence: 71%

Aircraft Measurements for Understanding Air-Sea Coupling and Improving Coupled Model Predictions

Wang

Bucholtz²

2013

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Award # N0001413WX21204 LONG-TERM GOALThe long-term goal of this project is to understand the coupled air-sea processes and improve physical parameterizations of the coupled model in various large-scale forcing conditions. OBJECTIVESThe NOAA WP-3D efforts of DYNAMO/LASP intend to address critical issues in air-sea interaction processes in different stages of MJO events. The measurement objectives include 1) to make concurrent measurements of the atmosphere, surface, and the upper ocean for coupled air-sea interaction study; 2) to characterize convective processes and understand the complex feedback processes among surface forcing, cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, radiation, and environmental conditions in various phases of the MJO; 3) to extend point measurements on island and ships to a broader area near the DYNAMO region; and 4) To obtain a suite of measurements suitable for model evaluation/validation as well as data assimilations. In FY13, the objectives of our analyses of the WP-3D LASP measurements include: 1) extensive data QC of the AXBT/AXCTD data and analyses of the upper ocean characteristics in different phases of the MJO; 2) to characterize the atmospheric boundary layers observed in LASP in convective and non-convective conditions; 3) to understand the variation of air-sea coupling in different stages of the MJO.The objectives of the NRL project are to obtain vertical profiles of the solar and IR irradiance throughout the atmospheric column in order to characterize the evolution of the solar and IR heating/cooling rate profiles for an MJO cycle. Also, to use the measured solar/IR irradiance profiles as input to, and validation of, the Navy's coupled ocean/atmosphere model, COAMPS. FY13 effort focused on data QC of the radiation measurements. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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“…Since MPI is determined by SST and temperature at the tropopause level [33], the positive MPI contribution may be due to an influence from SST. Actually, anomalous SST distributions were observed in the CINDY2011/DYNAMO period [29,35]. Figure 4 demonstrates the SST anomaly fields from the 33-year means in the Indian Ocean as well as in the Pacific, averaged during OND in 2011 as well as composited in the MJO active/non-active years and in the La Niña/El Niño years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Environmental Characteristics for the Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the Indian Ocean during the CINDY2011/DYNAMO Field Experiment

2016

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This study investigated the seasonal environmental characteristics for tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) over the Indian Ocean during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011 and the Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) (CINDY2011/DYNAMO) field experiment and compare them with long-term climatological features. It was found that the spatial pattern of an empirical environmental index for TCG over the tropical Indian Ocean in 2011 is very similar to the feature composited over the years with high activity of MJO. The analyses of the contributions from each environmental factor indicated that relative humidity, absolute vorticity, and vertical velocity contribute to generate positive influences on the conditions for TCG in 2011. The influences of La Niña appear only through a shear effect over the Indian Ocean in 2011. Under the influences of active MJO events during the CINDY2011/DYNAMO period, the environmental conditions for TCG over the Indian Ocean are determined more strongly by MJO than by La Niña, through modifications of some environmental properties favorable for TCG. The environmental characteristics during CINDY2011/DYNAMO seem to be quite typical of the MJO active years; in such a case, the influences of El Niño/La Niña would not appear in determining the environmental conditions for TCG over the Indian Ocean.

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Air–Sea Interactions from Westerly Wind Bursts During the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean

Abstract: Observations from 1 km beneath to 25 km above the sea surface reveal the complex interactions in Indian Ocean westerly wind bursts associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation.

Cited by 112 publications

References 34 publications

The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the central Indian Ocean during Madden–Julian Oscillation events

The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the central Indian Ocean during Madden–Julian Oscillation events

Aircraft Measurements for Understanding Air-Sea Coupling and Improving Coupled Model Predictions

Seasonal Environmental Characteristics for the Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the Indian Ocean during the CINDY2011/DYNAMO Field Experiment

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