Air–sea interactions during strong winter extratropical storms

Nelson, Jill; He, Ruoying; Warner, John C.; Bane, John M.

doi:10.1007/s10236-014-0745-2

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…They found positive flux anomalies (directed from the ocean to the atmosphere) in the western parts of the cyclones 25 and the eastern parts of the cyclones were associated with negative turbulent flux anomalies. These results have been confirmed by many subsequent studies (Persson et al, 2005;Nelson et al, 2014;Schemm and Sprenger, 2015;Dacre et al, 2019) and suggest a close association between the cyclones and surface turbulent fluxes in the midlatitudes. However, a cyclone compositing study by Zolina and Gulev (2003) found that although composites of fluxes show locally very strong positive fluxes in the rear part of the cyclone, the total air-sea turbulent fluxes provided by cyclones were not significantly different 30 from the averaged background fluxes in the North Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The anomalous surface heat fluxes generated by cyclones can create SST anomalies known as the 'cold wake' effect. Case studies of winter cyclones in the North-West Atlantic have found SST cooling in the right-rear quadrant of cyclones of between 0.4 and 2 K (Ren et al, 2004;Nelson et al, 2014;Kobashi et al, 2019). This is largely due to enhanced turbulent fluxes behind the cold front, however Kobashi et al (2019) also attribute part of the cooling to cloud shielding of incoming solar 35 radiation, although this is possibly due to the more southerly latitude of the cyclone in their study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Extratropical cyclone induced sea surface temperature anomalies in the 2013/14 winter

Dacre¹,

Josey²,

Grant³

2019

Preprint

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The 2013/14 winter averaged sea surface temperature (SST) was anomalously cool in the mid-North Atlantic region. This season was also unusually stormy with extratropical cyclones passing over the mid-North Atlantic every 3 days. However, the processes by which cyclones contribute towards seasonal SST anomalies are not fully understood. In this paper a cyclone identification and tracking method is combined with ECMWF atmosphere and ocean reanalysis fields to calculate cyclone-relative net surface heat flux anomalies and resulting SST changes. Anomalously large negative heat fluxes are located 5 behind the cyclones cold front resulting in anomalous cooling up to 0.2K/day when the cyclones are at maximum intensity.This extratropical cyclone induced 'cold wake' extends along the cyclones cold front but is small compared to climatological variability. To investigate the potential cumulative effect of the passage of multiple cyclone induced SST cooling in the same location we calculate Earth-relative net surface heat flux anomalies and resulting SST changes for the 2013/2014 winter period.Anomalously large winter averaged negative heat fluxes occur in a zonally orientated band extending across the North Atlantic 10 between 40-60 • N. The anomaly associated with cyclones is estimated using a cyclone masking technique which encompasses each cyclone centre and its trailing cold front. North Atlantic extratropical cyclones in the 2013/14 winter season account for 78% of the observed net surface heat flux in the mid-North Atlantic and net surface heat fluxes in the 2013/14 winter season account for 70% of the observed cooling in the mid-North Atlantic. Thus extratropical cyclones play a major role in determining the extreme 2013/2014 winter season SST cooling.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Extratropical cyclone induced sea surface temperature anomalies in the 2013/14 winter

Dacre¹,

Josey²,

Grant³

2019

Preprint

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“…These in turn modify the atmospheric processes and feedback to the ocean and wave dynamics. Model coupling has been shown: 1) to increase predictability of sea surface temperatures for simulating Hurricane Isabel (2003;Warner et al, 2010); 2) the effects of waves to increase the sea surface roughness thus creating reduced wind speeds and producing more accurate atmosphere -ocean dynamic during Nor'Ida (2009;Olabarrieta et al, 2012); 3) to provide more accurate intensity predictions for Hurricane Ivan due to sea surface temperature feedbacks Zambon et al, 2014a); 4) that there was a lack of significant ocean feedback on the hurricane intensity dynamics for Hurricane Sandy because of its fast translation speed (2012; Zambon et al, 2014b); and 5) the significance of air-sea exchanges during extratropical cyclones (Nelson et al, 2014) and coastal storm events (Renault et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inner-shelf ocean dynamics and seafloor morphologic changes during Hurricane Sandy

Warner

Schwab

List

et al. 2017

Continental Shelf Research

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A B S T R A C THurricane Sandy was one of the most destructive hurricanes in US history, making landfall on the New Jersey coast on October 30, 2012. Storm impacts included several barrier island breaches, massive coastal erosion, and flooding. While changes to the subaerial landscape are relatively easily observed, storm-induced changes to the adjacent shoreface and inner continental shelf are more difficult to evaluate. These regions provide a framework for the coastal zone, are important for navigation, aggregate resources, marine ecosystems, and coastal evolution. Here we provide unprecedented perspective regarding regional inner continental shelf sediment dynamics based on both observations and numerical modeling over time scales associated with these types of large storm events. Oceanographic conditions and seafloor morphologic changes are evaluated using both a coupled atmospheric-ocean-wave-sediment numerical modeling system that covered spatial scales ranging from the entire US east coast (1000 s of km) to local domains (10 s of km). Additionally, the modeled response for the region offshore of Fire Island, NY was compared to observational analysis from a series of geologic surveys from that location. The geologic investigations conducted in 2011 and 2014 revealed lateral movement of sedimentary structures of distances up to 450 m and in water depths up to 30 m, and vertical changes in sediment thickness greater than 1 m in some locations. The modeling investigations utilize a system with grid refinement designed to simulate oceanographic conditions with progressively increasing resolutions for the entire US East Coast (5-km grid), the New York Bight (700-m grid), and offshore of Fire Island, NY (100-m grid), allowing larger scale dynamics to drive smaller scale coastal changes. Model results in the New York Bight identify maximum storm surge of up to 3 m, surface currents on the order of 2 ms −1 along the New Jersey coast, waves up to 8 m in height, and bottom stresses exceeding 10 Pa. Flow down the Hudson Shelf Valley is shown to result in convergent sediment transport and deposition along its axis. Modeled sediment redistribution along Fire Island showed erosion across the crests of inner shelf sand ridges and sedimentation in adjacent troughs, consistent with the geologic observations.

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“…These intervals are contemporaneous with those reflecting maxima of pollen concentration and influx in the JPC32 record indicating that the increase of pollen concentration/ influx over the Holocene off Cape Hatteras was frequently facilitated by intense storm events resulting from rapid sea-level rise episodes. Besides contributing to heavy precipitation and thus river runoff, storms are also accompanied by strong winds (Nelson et al, 2014), which could enhance aerial pollen transport from the eastern US coast to site JPC32.…”

Section: Pollen Sources and Mechanisms Of Seaward Pollen Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A 12,000-yr pollen record off Cape Hatteras — Pollen sources and mechanisms of pollen dispersion

et al. 2015

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Air–sea interactions during strong winter extratropical storms

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Extratropical cyclone induced sea surface temperature anomalies in the 2013/14 winter

Extratropical cyclone induced sea surface temperature anomalies in the 2013/14 winter

Inner-shelf ocean dynamics and seafloor morphologic changes during Hurricane Sandy

A 12,000-yr pollen record off Cape Hatteras — Pollen sources and mechanisms of pollen dispersion

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