Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed

Bell, Thomas G.; Bruyn, Warren de; Miller, S. D.; Ward, Brian; Christensen, Kai Håkon; Saltzman, E. S.

doi:10.5194/acp-13-11073-2013

Cited by 93 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The automated GC used here has served that purpose; however, further on-site continuous sampling of DMS a at the GBR is required to more closely examine factors that cause coral reefs to emit DMS to the atmosphere. For example, the higher temporal resolution possible with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (Lawson et al, 2011) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (Bell et al, 2013) may provide additional insights into those factors and their interaction, while also improving the estimation of F DMS from the GBR. We found the ocean to be the dominant source of DMS a at Heron Island, where the ocean source was supplemented by occasional coral-reef-derived spikes of DMS a that were highly variable irregular events generally occurring at low tide when conditions exist that can stress the reef.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS a ), continually derived from the world's oceans, is a feed gas for the tropospheric production of new sulfate particles, leading to cloud condensation nuclei that influence the formation and properties of marine clouds and ultimately the Earth's radiation budget. Previous studies on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, have indicated coral reefs are significant sessile sources of DMS a capable of enhancing the tropospheric DMS a burden mainly derived from phytoplankton in the surface ocean; however, specific environmental evidence of coral reef DMS emissions and their characteristics is lacking. By using on-site automated continuous analysis of DMS a and meteorological parameters at Heron Island in the southern GBR, we show that the coral reef was the source of occasional spikes of DMS a identified above the oceanic DMS a background signal. In most instances, these DMS a spikes were detected at low tide under low wind speeds, indicating they originated from the lagoonal platform reef surrounding the island, although evidence of longer-range transport of DMS a from a 70 km stretch of coral reefs in the southern GBR was also observed. The most intense DMS a spike occurred in the winter dry season at low tide when convective precipitation fell onto the aerially exposed platform reef. This co-occurrence of events appeared to biologically shock the coral resulting in a seasonally aberrant extreme DMS a spike concentration of 45.9 nmol m −3 (1122 ppt). Seasonal DMS emission fluxes for the 2012 wet season and 2013 dry season campaigns at Heron Island were 5.0 and 1.4 µmol m −2 day −1 , respectively, of which the coral reef was estimated to contribute 4 % during the wet season and 14 % during the dry season to the dominant oceanic flux.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

et al. 2017

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“…The cruise track was designed to sample regions with high biological productivity and phytoplankton blooms, with large air-sea concentration differences for CO 2 and DMS. The cruise meteorology and physical oceanography is discussed in detail by Bell et al (2013). A series of weather systems travelling from West to East passed over the region during the cruise.…”

Section: Cruise Location and Environmental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurement setups for DMS and CO 2 concentrations in air and water and the eddy covariance flux systems have been discussed in detail elsewhere (Miller et al, 2008;Saltzman et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2010;Bell et al, 2013Bell et al, , 2015Landwehr et al, 2014;Landwehr et al, 2015). We provide a summary plus some additional details in the Appendix.…”

Section: Seawater Atmospheric and Flux Measurement Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct, shipboard measurements of waterside gas transfer have also been made by eddy covariance (e.g. McGillis et al, 2001;Huebert et al, 2004;Marandino et al, 2007;Miller et al, 2010;Bell et al, 2013). These measurements typically show DMS gas transfer velocities that are lower and exhibit more linear wind speed dependence than the CO 2 transfer velocity-wind speed relationship inferred from dual-tracer studies (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study presents a more extensive set of CO 2 and DMS gas transfer velocities that were measured simultaneously aboard the R/V Knorr in the 2011 summertime North Atlantic in both oligotrophic and highly productive waters. The DMS gas transfer velocities are discussed separately in detail by Bell et al (2013). Here we focus specifically on what can be learned about gas transfer from the differences in behaviour of two different solubility gases at intermediate and high wind speeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of bubble-mediated air–sea gas exchange from concurrent DMS and CO<sub>2</sub> transfer velocities at intermediate–high wind speeds

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Simultaneous air-sea fluxes and concentration differences of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were measured during a summertime North Atlantic cruise in 2011. This data set reveals significant differences between the gas transfer velocities of these two gases ( k w ) over a range of wind speeds up to 21 m s −1 . These differences occur at and above the approximate wind speed threshold when waves begin breaking. Whitecap fraction (a proxy for bubbles) was also measured and has a positive relationship with k w , consistent with enhanced bubble-mediated transfer of the less soluble CO 2 relative to that of the more soluble DMS. However, the correlation of k w with whitecap fraction is no stronger than with wind speed. Models used to estimate bubble-mediated transfer from in situ whitecap fraction underpredict the observations, particularly at intermediate wind speeds. Examining the differences between gas transfer velocities of gases with different solubilities is a useful way to detect the impact of bubble-mediated exchange. More simultaneous gas transfer measurements of different solubility gases across a wide range of oceanic conditions are needed to understand the factors controlling the magnitude and scaling of bubble-mediated gas exchange.

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Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

Yang

Blomquist

2014

JGR Oceans

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The air-sea fluxes of methanol and acetone were measured concurrently using a protontransfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) with the eddy covariance (EC) technique during the High Wind Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS) in 2013. The seawater concentrations of these compounds were also measured twice daily with the same PTR-MS coupled to a membrane inlet. Dissolved concentrations near the surface ranged from 7 to 28 nM for methanol and from 3 to 9 nM for acetone. Both gases were consistently transported from the atmosphere to the ocean as a result of their low sea surface saturations. The largest influxes were observed in regions of high atmospheric concentrations and strong winds (up to 25 m s 21 ). Comparison of the total air-sea transfer velocity of these two gases (K a ), along with the in situ sensible heat transfer rate, allows us to constrain the individual gas transfer velocity in the air phase (k a ) and water phase (k w ). Among existing parameterizations, the scaling of k a from the COARE model is the most consistent with our observations. The k w we estimated is comparable to the tangential (shear driven) transfer velocity previously determined from measurements of dimethyl sulfide. Lastly, we estimate the wet deposition of methanol and acetone in our study region and evaluate the lifetimes of these compounds in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere with respect to total (dry plus wet) atmospheric deposition.

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Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed

Cited by 93 publications

References 74 publications

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Estimation of bubble-mediated air–sea gas exchange from concurrent DMS and CO<sub>2</sub> transfer velocities at intermediate–high wind speeds

Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

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Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed

Cited by 93 publications

References 74 publications

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Estimation of bubble-mediated air–sea gas exchange from concurrent DMS and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; transfer velocities at intermediate–high wind speeds

Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

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Estimation of bubble-mediated air–sea gas exchange from concurrent DMS and CO<sub>2</sub> transfer velocities at intermediate–high wind speeds