Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM) at high altitude cities

Álvarez, Hernández; Echeverría, Rodolfo Sosa; Álvarez, Pablo Sánchez; Krupa, Sagar V.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.025

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Selection of subjects from southern Mexico City vs. northern Mexico City was made based on the significant differences between outdoor environments in “northern-industrialized” zones in comparison with “southern-residential” zones, which illustrate the contribution from the industry in the north [7,10,42]. Southern Mexico City residents have been exposed to significant concentrations of ozone, secondary tracers (NO 3 − ) and PM-LPS, while northern Mexico City residents have been exposed to higher concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM 2.5 , and its constituents: organic and elemental carbon including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, secondary inorganic aerosols (SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , NH 4 + ), and metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ti, Mn, Sn, V, Ba) [7,8,10,42]. Recent studies on the composition of PM 2.5 with regards to sites and samples collected in 1997 show that composition has not changed during the last decade [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metropolitan Mexico City residents are exposed year-round to air pollutant concentrations above the National Air Ambient Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the United States [6–8]. Concentrations above the standards for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) as well as significant levels of PM associated with lipopolysaccharides (PM-LPS) are present in Mexico City’s air, and marked regional differences in the air pollutants concentrations and composition have been reported within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles

Villarreal-Calderon

Franco-Lira

González-Maciel

et al. 2013

IJMS

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Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles

Villarreal-Calderon

Franco-Lira

González-Maciel

et al. 2013

IJMS

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“…In the study conducted by Weijires et al [15], the highest particle numbers were measured near congested traffic or behind heavy diesel-driven vehicles. Vehicle PM emissions are the result of a series of variables: fuel [16], vehicle type, drive cycle [17], traffic conditions, road characteristics [18] and climate conditions [19,20]. As in other Algerian cities, the primary source of air pollution in Bejaia is traffic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of PM concentrations in urban area of Bejaia

Benaissa¹,

Maesano²,

Alkama³

et al. 2018

Environ. Protect. Eng.

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The particulate matter (PM10, PM7, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1) mass concentrations in Bejaia City, Algeria, over the course of one week, from July 8 to July 14, 2015, have been presented for the first time. The study covered eight urban sampling sites and 169 measurements have been obtained. The average city-wide PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured during this sampling were 87.8±33.9 and 28.7±10.6 µg/m 3 , respectively. These results show that the particulate matter levels are high and exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines (WHO AQG) and European 24-hour average limit values (50 µg/m 3 for PM10 and 25 µg/m 3 for PM2.5). The PM1, PM2.5, PM4 and PM7 fractions accounted for 0.15, 0.32, 0.56 and 0.78, respectively, of the PM10 concentrations. The analysis revealed that variations of PM concentration in the study region were influenced primarily by traffic. Lower PM10 concentrations (21.7 and 33.1 µg/m 3 ) were recorded in residential sites, while higher values (53.1, and 45.2 µg/m 3 ) in city centers.

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“…The air pollution thresholds in most of the Latin American cities are not very stringent compared to international standards or guidelines (Alvarez et al, 2013;. Several studies have highlighted a statistical relation between PM and health problems, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and genotoxic risks (Newby et al, 2015;de Oliveira Alves et al, 2014;Pope, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

et al. 2017

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Abstract. São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM 2.5 (≤ 2.5 µm) and PM 10 (≤ 10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicuPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11944 G. M. Pereira et al.: Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo lar exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.

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Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM) at high altitude cities

Cited by 60 publications

References 1 publication

Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles

Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles

Analysis of PM concentrations in urban area of Bejaia

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

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